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    首页 分子通 按分子结构分类 有机化合物 有机杂环化合物 内酯类

    内酯类

    内酯类化合物是一类含有环状结构的化合物，通常通过一个碳氧双键将两个羟基连接在一个四元、五元或六元的内环中形成。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且在有机化学、化学化工以及生物医药领域有着重要的应用价值。

    内酯的分类
    1. 按环大小划分：根据内酯环的大小，可以将其分为四元、五元和六元内酯。
    2. 按碳原子数划分：依据组成内酯的碳原子数量不同，可进一步划分为二、三、四等碳链长度不同的内酯。
    结构特征
    • 内酯结构中通常包含一个或多个环状氧基团。其独特的环状结构使得它们在水溶液中能够以开环形式存在。
    • 在生物体内，某些内酯通过酶的催化作用可实现快速转化，在药物设计和研究领域具有重要应用价值。
    应用
    1. 医药领域：许多抗生素、抗真菌药及抗癌药物都含有内酯结构。例如，四环素类抗生素就含有五元或六元内酯。
    2. 工业化学：内酯作为重要的化工原料，在合成树脂、塑料和涂料等领域有着广泛应用。
    3. 分析化学与生物传感器：利用内酯的可逆开环性质进行分析检测；通过构建特定识别分子对提高生物传感系统的特异性。
    生物活性
    • 内酯化合物通常具有一定的药理活性，如抗炎、抗菌等作用。这与其独特的空间构象和极性有关。
    • 在细胞信号传导过程中，内酯的环开裂或闭合可以影响特定蛋白质之间的相互作用。

    总之，内酯作为一种重要的化学结构单元，在多个领域发挥着不可替代的作用。

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— (4-Butyl-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-3-yl) 2-methylpropanoate —— C13H22O4
    (4-Butyl-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-3-yl) 2-methylpropanoate
    —— 3,3,5,5-Tetramethyl-6-((E)-propenyl)-dihydro-pyran-2,4-dione —— C12H18O3
    3,3,5,5-Tetramethyl-6-((E)-propenyl)-dihydro-pyran-2,4-dione
    —— 5-ethyl-3-oxo-3-pentadecoxy-8,8a-dihydro-1H-furo[3,4-e][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one —— C23H41O6P
    5-ethyl-3-oxo-3-pentadecoxy-8,8a-dihydro-1H-furo[3,4-e][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one
    —— (2,3,11,14,15-Pentaacetyloxy-4-hydroxy-9,14-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-8-oxatetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.05,9]hexadecan-16-yl) propanoate —— C33H44O15
    (2,3,11,14,15-Pentaacetyloxy-4-hydroxy-9,14-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-8-oxatetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.05,9]hexadecan-16-yl) propanoate
    —— 6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,5,5a,6,7,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one —— C15H20O4
    6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,5,5a,6,7,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one
    —— 7,8-dihydroxy-3,8,8a-trimethylspiro[2,3,4a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-4,4'-oxolane]-2'-one —— C16H26O4
    7,8-dihydroxy-3,8,8a-trimethylspiro[2,3,4a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-4,4'-oxolane]-2'-one
    —— 7-Ethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-methyl-14-(4-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl)-2-oxa-13-azatricyclo[11.2.1.01,5]hexadec-8-ene-3,16-dione —— C23H33NO7
    7-Ethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-methyl-14-(4-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl)-2-oxa-13-azatricyclo[11.2.1.01,5]hexadec-8-ene-3,16-dione
    —— 2-(3-Hydroxy-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl) acetic acid —— C6H8O5
    2-(3-Hydroxy-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl) acetic acid
    —— 10-Hydroxy-4,5,9,9,13,20,20-heptamethyl-22-oxahexacyclo[19.2.1.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosa-15,17-dien-23-one —— C30H44O3
    10-Hydroxy-4,5,9,9,13,20,20-heptamethyl-22-oxahexacyclo[19.2.1.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosa-15,17-dien-23-one
    —— 7-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3,11-dihydroxy-13-methylspiro[9-oxatricyclo[5.3.3.01,6]tridecane-2,2'-oxirane]-8-one —— C20H26O7
    7-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3,11-dihydroxy-13-methylspiro[9-oxatricyclo[5.3.3.01,6]tridecane-2,2'-oxirane]-8-one
    —— (4,7-dimethyl-8-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,10-octahydro-2H-furo[3,2-i]isochromen-10-yl) acetate —— C15H22O5
    (4,7-dimethyl-8-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,10-octahydro-2H-furo[3,2-i]isochromen-10-yl) acetate
    —— (5-Methyl-16-methylidene-8,15-dioxo-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-9-oxatetracyclo[10.2.2.01,10.05,10]hexadecan-14-yl) acetate —— C22H28O5
    (5-Methyl-16-methylidene-8,15-dioxo-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-9-oxatetracyclo[10.2.2.01,10.05,10]hexadecan-14-yl) acetate
    —— 2-[4-[5-Methyl-5-(4-methyltetradecyl)furan-2-ylidene]-3,5-dioxooxolan-2-yl]acetic acid —— C26H40O6
    2-[4-[5-Methyl-5-(4-methyltetradecyl)furan-2-ylidene]-3,5-dioxooxolan-2-yl]acetic acid
    —— 5'-(Furan-2-yl)-10-methylspiro[2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodec-4(12)-ene-9,3'-oxolane]-2',3-dione —— C19H20O5
    5'-(Furan-2-yl)-10-methylspiro[2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodec-4(12)-ene-9,3'-oxolane]-2',3-dione
    —— 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-3,11-dioxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-8-en-2-one —— C10H14O5
    6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-3,11-dioxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-8-en-2-one
    —— 9-[3-hydroperoxy-3-methyl-5-(3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl)pent-4-enyl]-10-hydroxy-4,8,10-trimethyl-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-3-one —— C25H36O7
    9-[3-hydroperoxy-3-methyl-5-(3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl)pent-4-enyl]-10-hydroxy-4,8,10-trimethyl-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-3-one
    —— 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-2,6,13-trimethyl-8-oxatricyclo[4.4.3.01,5]tridecane-9,12-dione —— C15H22O6
    3,4,5-Trihydroxy-2,6,13-trimethyl-8-oxatricyclo[4.4.3.01,5]tridecane-9,12-dione
    —— [9-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-9,10,12-trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodec-4-en-7-yl] acetate —— C22H28O6
    [9-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-9,10,12-trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodec-4-en-7-yl] acetate
    —— Mexicanine E 5945-40-4 C14H16O3
    Mexicanine E
    —— 3-[2-(5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylidene-4-oxo-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl)ethylidene]-5-hydroxyoxolan-2-one —— C20H28O4
    3-[2-(5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylidene-4-oxo-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl)ethylidene]-5-hydroxyoxolan-2-one
    —— 4-Hydroxy-8-(methylideneamino)-1-oxaspiro[4.4]non-8-en-2-one —— C9H11NO3
    4-Hydroxy-8-(methylideneamino)-1-oxaspiro[4.4]non-8-en-2-one
    —— (2-Methyl-5-oxo-4-tetradecyloxolan-3-yl) acetate —— C21H38O4
    (2-Methyl-5-oxo-4-tetradecyloxolan-3-yl) acetate
    —— (12-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2,4,9-tetramethyl-5-oxo-6-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-11-yl) acetate —— C18H28O6
    (12-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2,4,9-tetramethyl-5-oxo-6-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-11-yl) acetate
    —— 7-Hydroxy-14-(4-methoxy-4-methylpent-2-enylidene)-4-methyl-9-methylidene-5,12-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.04,6]tetradecan-13-one —— C21H30O5
    7-Hydroxy-14-(4-methoxy-4-methylpent-2-enylidene)-4-methyl-9-methylidene-5,12-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.04,6]tetradecan-13-one
    —— 6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,6,7,8a,9,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one —— C15H20O4
    6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,6,7,8a,9,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one
    —— 5-Ethenyl-2,4,8-trihydroxy-5,11,11-trimethyl-16-oxatetracyclo[7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadec-6-en-15-one —— C20H28O5
    5-Ethenyl-2,4,8-trihydroxy-5,11,11-trimethyl-16-oxatetracyclo[7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadec-6-en-15-one
    —— Camphansaeure-morpholid 54550-58-2 C14H21NO4
    Camphansaeure-morpholid
    —— 5-butyl-3-oxo-3-tetradecoxy-8,8a-dihydro-1H-furo[3,4-e][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one —— C24H43O6P
    5-butyl-3-oxo-3-tetradecoxy-8,8a-dihydro-1H-furo[3,4-e][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one
    —— 1-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-oxooxan-2-yl)hept-1-en-3-yl acetate —— C15H24O6
    1-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-oxooxan-2-yl)hept-1-en-3-yl acetate
    —— 5,8,8-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-1-carboxamide —— C13H16F3NO4
    5,8,8-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-1-carboxamide
    —— 2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-14-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11-oxo-5,12-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.04,6]tetradec-8-ene-9-carbaldehyde —— C20H28O5
    2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-14-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11-oxo-5,12-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.04,6]tetradec-8-ene-9-carbaldehyde
    —— 4a,9-Dimethyl-3-methylideneoctahydrofuro[2',3':5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyran-2,7(3h,4h)-dione 17299-24-0 C15H20O4
    4a,9-Dimethyl-3-methylideneoctahydrofuro[2',3':5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyran-2,7(3h,4h)-dione
    —— 7-Methyl-11-methylidene-4-pent-3-enyl-1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11a-octahydrocyclonona[c]pyran-3-one —— C19H28O2
    7-Methyl-11-methylidene-4-pent-3-enyl-1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11a-octahydrocyclonona[c]pyran-3-one
    —— 2,10-Dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,13-trimethyl-16-oxapentacyclo[7.6.2.01,10.04,9.013,15]heptadecane-3,17-dione —— C20H28O6
    2,10-Dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,13-trimethyl-16-oxapentacyclo[7.6.2.01,10.04,9.013,15]heptadecane-3,17-dione
    —— 4-[1-(5-Ethenyl-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylcyclopentylidene)-2-hydroxyethyl]oxolan-2-one —— C15H22O4
    4-[1-(5-Ethenyl-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylcyclopentylidene)-2-hydroxyethyl]oxolan-2-one
    —— 6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,5,6,7,9,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one —— C15H20O4
    6,8-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-1-methylidene-4,5,6,7,9,9a-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2-one
    —— 4-Methyl-5-oxo-2-(13-oxotetradecyl)oxolane-3-carboxylic acid —— C20H34O5
    4-Methyl-5-oxo-2-(13-oxotetradecyl)oxolane-3-carboxylic acid
    —— (2-Hydroxy-12,16-dimethyl-4-methylidene-5-oxo-6,15-dioxapentacyclo[10.6.0.02,9.03,7.014,16]octadecan-9-yl)methyl acetate —— C22H30O6
    (2-Hydroxy-12,16-dimethyl-4-methylidene-5-oxo-6,15-dioxapentacyclo[10.6.0.02,9.03,7.014,16]octadecan-9-yl)methyl acetate
    —— 4-[2-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylidene-6-sulfooxy-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl]ethylidene]-5-oxooxolane-3-sulfonic acid —— C20H30O10S2
    4-[2-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylidene-6-sulfooxy-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl]ethylidene]-5-oxooxolane-3-sulfonic acid
    —— 14-Acetyl-10-ethenyl-9,11-dimethyl-2-oxatetracyclo[9.2.1.04,13.07,12]tetradec-4-ene-3,8-dione —— C19H22O4
    14-Acetyl-10-ethenyl-9,11-dimethyl-2-oxatetracyclo[9.2.1.04,13.07,12]tetradec-4-ene-3,8-dione
    —— [7-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-13-methyl-8-oxospiro[9-oxatricyclo[5.3.3.01,6]tridecane-2,2'-oxirane]-11-yl] acetate —— C22H28O7
    [7-[2-(Furan-3-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-13-methyl-8-oxospiro[9-oxatricyclo[5.3.3.01,6]tridecane-2,2'-oxirane]-11-yl] acetate
    —— 4,6,6,8a-tetramethyl-4a,5-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[f][2]benzofuran-3,7-dione —— C15H18O3
    4,6,6,8a-tetramethyl-4a,5-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[f][2]benzofuran-3,7-dione
    —— 4-Hydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-1-enyl)-3,5-dimethyloxan-2-one —— C13H22O4
    4-Hydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-1-enyl)-3,5-dimethyloxan-2-one
    —— 9a-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-4-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione —— C19H26O5
    9a-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-4-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione
    —— 4-Hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-12-phenyldodecyl)-5-methyloxolan-2-one —— C24H38O4
    4-Hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-12-phenyldodecyl)-5-methyloxolan-2-one
    —— 4-[[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyloxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,5-dimethyloxolan-2-one —— C14H24O5
    4-[[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyloxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,5-dimethyloxolan-2-one
    —— 7,18-Dihydroxy-1,2,6,6,10,17,17-heptamethyl-20-oxahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,22.019,22]tetracosa-12,14-dien-21-one —— C30H44O4
    7,18-Dihydroxy-1,2,6,6,10,17,17-heptamethyl-20-oxahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,22.019,22]tetracosa-12,14-dien-21-one
    —— 2,5'-Dimethyl-5'-vinylhexahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5(2h)-one —— C12H18O3
    2,5'-Dimethyl-5'-vinylhexahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5(2h)-one
    —— Neohelenalin (-= Mexicanin D) 5945-70-0 C15H18O4
    Neohelenalin (-= Mexicanin D)
    —— 6-Hydroxy-1,4,4,8-tetramethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.3.0.02,5]dodecane-7,12-dione —— C15H22O4
    6-Hydroxy-1,4,4,8-tetramethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.3.0.02,5]dodecane-7,12-dione