杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物,其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环,如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶;而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环,例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。
简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性,如易于进行置换反应,难以发生加成反应,并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中,包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外,部分合成农药也属此类化合物,比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净,杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷,以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。
构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧(O)、硫(S)或氮(N)等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说,环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴;但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物,并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构,通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。
因此,杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一,其种类繁多、数量庞大,占已知有机化合物的约三分之一,并普遍存在于生物界中,与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。
常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂(呋喃)、硫茂(噻吩)、氮茂(吡咯)、氮苯(吡啶)、氮萘(喹啉)和氮芴(咔唑)等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途,多为无色液体或结晶体,比重小于或接近于水且有毒性,能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸,并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体;氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物,在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。
在危险物品管理中,这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此,在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类;发生火灾时,可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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(3R,5S)-5-{[双(4-甲氧基苯基)(苯基)甲氧基]甲基}吡咯烷-3-醇 | (3R,5S)-5-[[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethoxy]methyl]-3-pyrrolidinol | 151953-64-9 | C26H29NO4 |
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(3R,5S)-5-(羟基甲基)-1-甲苯磺酰吡咯烷-3-醇 | (3R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-tosylpyrrolidin-3-ol | 5605-46-9 | C12H17NO4S |
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(3R,5R)-5-甲基-3-吡咯烷醇盐酸盐(1:1) | (3R,5R)-5-methylpyrrolidin-3-ol hydrochloride | 857651-11-7 | C5H11NO*ClH |
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(3R,4r,5r)-3-氟-4-羟基-5-(羟基甲基)二氢呋喃-2(3h)-酮 | 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribono-1,4-lactone | 224957-07-7 | C5H7FO4 |
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(3R,4S)-4-氨基-3-氟哌啶-1-甲酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl (3R,4S)-4-amino-3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate | 907544-17-6 | C10H19FN2O2 |
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(3R,4R,5R)-5-(羟基甲基)哌啶-3,4-二醇盐酸盐 | isofagomine | 169105-89-9 | C6H13NO3 |
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(3R,4R)-REL-3-氟哌啶-4-醇盐酸盐 | (±)-trans-3-fluoropiperidin-4-ol hydrochloride | 955028-84-9 | C5H10FNO*ClH |
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(3R,4R)-N-Cbz-3,4-二氟吡咯烷 | (3R,4R)-benzyl 3,4-difluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 790658-58-1 | C12H13F2NO2 |
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(3R,4R)-N-BOC-3-羟基-4-氨基哌啶 | (3R,4R)-tert-butyl 4-amino-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate | 1007596-95-3 | C10H20N2O3 |
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(3R,4R)-1-(叔丁氧羰基)-3,4-二羟基吡咯烷 | tert-butyl (3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 150986-62-2 | C9H17NO4 |
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(3R,3AR,6R,6AR)-3,6-二(烯丙氧基)六氢呋喃并[3,2-B]呋喃 | (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-3,6-bis(allyloxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan | 103536-97-6 | C12H18O4 |
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(3R)-噁烷-3-甲醇 | (R)-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methanol | 124506-31-6 | C5H10O2 |
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(3R)-7,2'-二羟基-3',4'-二甲氧基异黄烷 | isomucronulatol | 64474-51-7 | C17H18O5 |
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(3R)-3-溴甲基-1-吡咯烷甲酸叔丁酯 | (R)-tert-butyl 3-(bromomethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 1067230-65-2 | C10H18BrNO2 |
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(3R)-3-吗啉乙醇 | 2-[(3R)-morpholin-3-yl]ethanol | 917572-32-8 | C6H13NO2 |
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(3R)-3-[(叔丁氧羰基)氨基]哌啶-1-甲酸苄酯 | (R)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester | 485820-12-0 | C18H26N2O4 |
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(3R)-1-苄基吡咯烷-3-羧酸盐酸盐 | (R)-1-Benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride | 1082055-65-9 | C12H15NO2*ClH |
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(3R)-1-甲基-3-吡咯烷甲醇 | [(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl]methanol | 1210935-33-3 | C6H13NO |
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(3R)-1-BOC-3-叠氮基吡咯烷 | (R)-tert-butyl 3-azidopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 143700-04-3 | C9H16N4O2 |
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(3R)-(+)-3-乙酰氨基吡咯烷 | (R)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)acetamide | 131900-62-4 | C6H12N2O |
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(3R)-(+)-1-苄基-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)吡咯烷 | (3R)-1-benzyl-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino]pyrrolidine | 131878-23-4 | C16H24N2O2 |
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(3As,5s,6r,6as)-5-(羟基甲基)-2,2-二甲基四氢呋喃并[2,3-d][1,3]二氧代l-6-醇 | 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-L-xylofuranose | 114861-22-2 | C8H14O5 |
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(3AR,4S,7R,7AS) 4,7-亚甲基-1H-异吲哚-1,3(2H)-二酮 | (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione | 14805-29-9 | C9H11NO2 |
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(3-甲基吡咯烷-3-基)甲基氨基甲酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl ((3-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate | 125290-87-1 | C11H22N2O2 |
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(3-甲基-2-硝基-3H-咪唑-4-基)-甲醇 | (1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol | 39070-14-9 | C5H7N3O3 |
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(3-(吡咯烷-1-基甲基)苯基)硼酸 | 3-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)phenylboronic acid | 1100095-09-7 | C11H16BNO2 |
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(2a,3a,5a,16b,17b)-2,3-环氧-16-(1-吡咯烷基)雄甾烷-17-醇 | 2α,3α-epoxy-16β-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-5α-androstane-17β-ol | 119302-19-1 | C23H37NO2 |
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(2S,6S)-2,6-二甲基哌嗪 | (2S,6S)-2,6-dimethylpiperazine | 402832-69-3 | C6H14N2 |
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(2S,6S)-2,6-二甲基吗啉 | (2S,6S)-2,6-dimethylmorpholine | 276252-73-4 | C6H13NO |
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(2S,5S)-N-Boc-5-甲基吡咯烷-2-甲酸 | (2S,5S)-5-methyl-pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester | 334769-80-1 | C11H19NO4 |
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(2S,5S)-5-羟基哌啶-2-甲酸 | (2S,5S)-5-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid | 63088-78-8 | C6H11NO3 |
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(2S,5S)-(-)-5-苯基-3-甲基-2-(5-甲基-2-呋喃)-4-咪唑啉酮 | (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-3-methyl-2-(5-methyl-furan-2-yl)-imidazolidin-4-one | 415678-40-9 | C16H18N2O2 |
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(2S,5R)-5-氨基-2-甲基哌啶-1-甲酸苄酯盐酸盐 | benzyl (2S,5R)-5-amino-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride | 1207853-23-3 | C14H20N2O2*ClH |
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(2S,4r)-4-氨基-吡咯烷-2-羧酸双盐酸盐 | (2S,4R)-4-Aminopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride | 16257-89-9 | C5H12Cl2N2O2 |
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(2S,4S)-3-苄氧羰基-4-甲基-2-苯基-1,3-恶唑啉-5-酮 | benzyl (2S,4S)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-phenyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate | 171860-41-6 | C18H17NO4 |
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(2S,4S)-1-(叔丁氧羰基)-4-(甲氧甲基)吡咯啉-2-羧酸 | (2S,4S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 1378388-16-9 | C12H21NO5 |
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(2S,4S)-1,2-二苄氧羰基-4-羟基吡咯烷 | (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid 1,2-bis(phenylmethyl ester) | 132592-07-5 | C20H21NO5 |
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(2S,4R)-N-Boc-4-甲基吡咯烷-2-甲酸 | (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 364750-80-1 | C11H19NO4 |
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(2S,4R)-4-苯甲酰氨基-1-(2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)乙酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲酸 | (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 943134-34-7 | C19H25N3O6 |
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(2S,4R)-2-(羟甲基)-4-(甲磺酰氧基)吡咯烷-1-羧酸叔丁酯 | (2S,4R)-N-tetr-butoxycarbonyl-4-methanesulfonyloxy-2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidine | 148017-07-6 | C11H21NO6S |
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(2S,4R)-1-叔丁氧羰基-4-氯吡咯烷-2-甲酸甲酯 | methyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-(4R)-chloro-(2S)-pyrrolidinylcarboxylate | 317356-97-1 | C11H18ClNO4 |
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(2S,4R)-1-叔丁基4-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡咯烷-1,2-二羧酸酯 | 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate | 943134-37-0 | C18H24N2O5 |
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(2S,4R)-1-Boc-2-氰基-4-羟基吡咯烷 | (2S,4R)-N-Boc-2-cyano-4-hydroxypyrrolidine | 483366-12-7 | C10H16N2O3 |
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(2S,4R)-1-Boc-2-氨基甲酰基-4-羟基吡咯烷 | tert-butyl (2S,4R)-2-carbamoyl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 109384-24-9 | C10H18N2O4 |
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(2S,3s)-1-(2-甲基氨基-2-苯基-乙基)-吡咯烷-3-醇 | (3S)-1-[(2S)-2-(methylamino)-2-phenylethyl]pyrrolidin-3-ol | 142773-73-7 | C13H20N2O |
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(2S,3S,5S)-5-氨基-2-(N-((5-噻唑基)-甲氧羰基)氨基)-1,6-二苯基-3-羟基己烷 | (2S,3S,5S)-5-Amino-2-(N-((5-thiazolyl)-methoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-1,6-diphenylhexane | 144164-11-4 | C23H27N3O3S |
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(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-叠氮基-5-(2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1(2H)-基) | 4'-azido-2',3'-di-O-benzoyl-5'-deoxy-5'-iodouridine | 139419-02-6 | C23H18IN5O7 |
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(2S,3R)-2-苯基吡咯烷-3-羧酸 | (2S,3R)-2-phenylpyrrolidin-1-ium-3-carboxylate | 1241684-17-2 | C11H13NO2 |
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(2S)-N-苄氧羰基-2-吡咯烷甲醛 | (S)-2-formylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester | 71461-30-8 | C13H15NO3 |
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(2S)-N-甲基-2-哌啶甲醇 | (S)-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methanol | 136030-04-1 | C7H15NO |
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