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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 3-amino-1-methylpiperidine dihydrochloride 894808-73-2 C6H14N2*2ClH
    3-amino-1-methylpiperidine dihydrochloride
    —— 4-(1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene-4-yl)-1H-imidazole 245744-17-6 C13H14N2S
    4-(1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene-4-yl)-1H-imidazole
    —— 13-bromo-4-iodo-12-methyl-9-oxa-3,6-diazatricyclo[8.4.0.0<sup>2,6</sup>]tetradeca-1(14),2,4,10,12-pentaene 1401305-33-6 C12H10BrIN2O
    13-bromo-4-iodo-12-methyl-9-oxa-3,6-diazatricyclo[8.4.0.0<sup>2,6</sup>]tetradeca-1(14),2,4,10,12-pentaene
    —— 2-chloro-4-(3-fluorophenyl)thiazole 1188037-70-8 C9H5ClFNS
    2-chloro-4-(3-fluorophenyl)thiazole
    —— Z-D-Ala-NCA 129288-48-8 C12H11NO5
    Z-D-Ala-NCA
    —— methyl 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate 120781-01-3 C6H7BrN2O2
    methyl 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate
    —— 1,4-bis-(3-morpholino-propoxy)-benzene 101956-13-2 C20H32N2O4
    1,4-bis-(3-morpholino-propoxy)-benzene
    —— 2-thiazolyl magnesium bromide 147455-46-7 C3H2BrMgNS
    2-thiazolyl magnesium bromide
    —— phosphoramidochloridic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, [6-(3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-4-(triphenylmethyl)-2-morpholinyl]methyl ester 956139-30-3 C31H34ClN4O5P
    phosphoramidochloridic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, [6-(3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-4-(triphenylmethyl)-2-morpholinyl]methyl ester
    —— 2-(Heptadecenyl)-2-imidazoline-1-ethanol 27136-73-8 C22H42N2O
    2-(Heptadecenyl)-2-imidazoline-1-ethanol
    —— 1-oxy-pyridine-2,6-diyldiamine 146538-81-0 C5H7N3O
    1-oxy-pyridine-2,6-diyldiamine
    —— 68608-66-2 C18H36ClN2Na2O4
    —— 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, compound with hydrogen bromide and bromine 14977-38-9 Br3H*2C5H9NO
    1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, compound with hydrogen bromide and bromine
    —— 4-Chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine 1044771-74-5 C7H7ClN2
    4-Chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine
    —— 3,5-dibromo-4-iodopyridine 1214383-75-1 C5H2Br2IN
    3,5-dibromo-4-iodopyridine
    —— 6-methoxyimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carboxylic acid 64068-09-3 C8H7N3O3
    6-methoxyimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carboxylic acid
    —— 6-chloro-5-iodo-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-2-thione 1394373-25-1 C6H3ClIN3S
    6-chloro-5-iodo-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-2-thione
    —— <i>N</i>'-(3-chloro-pyrazin-2-yl)-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl-formamidine 55904-40-0 C7H9ClN4
    <i>N</i>'-(3-chloro-pyrazin-2-yl)-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl-formamidine
    —— 1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-5-chloro-β-D-ribofuranose 185453-73-0 C11H15ClO7
    1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-5-chloro-β-D-ribofuranose
    —— 2-(1-ethylpyrrolidine-3-yl)-2,2-diphenylacetic acid 3471-97-4 C20H23NO2
    2-(1-ethylpyrrolidine-3-yl)-2,2-diphenylacetic acid
    —— 4,7-dibromo-2-hexyl-5,6-dinitro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole 1321184-67-1 C12H13Br2N5O4
    4,7-dibromo-2-hexyl-5,6-dinitro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
    —— PS1037 908864-14-2 C17H25N5O2
    PS1037
    —— azane,(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetic acid 97148-89-5 C14H26OOsS
    azane,(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetic acid
    —— (S)-4-benzyl-3-{(S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,5R)-5-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-piperidin-2-yl]-propionyl}-oxazolidin-2-one 63160-13-4 C33H38N2O8S
    (S)-4-benzyl-3-{(S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,5R)-5-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-piperidin-2-yl]-propionyl}-oxazolidin-2-one
    —— tert-butyl N-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)cyclohexyl]carbamate 558442-96-9 C15H28N2O3
    tert-butyl N-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)cyclohexyl]carbamate
    —— 2-cyclopropylisonicotinic acid 1216171-07-1 C9H9NO2
    2-cyclopropylisonicotinic acid
    —— 1-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]pyridin-2(1H)-one 1314390-38-9 C17H20BNO3
    1-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]pyridin-2(1H)-one
    —— 1,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole 656825-59-1 C6H7F3N2O
    1,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole
    —— 5-[1-(Hydroxyimino)ethyl]-4-methylpyrimidin-2-amine 1050886-14-0 C7H10N4O
    5-[1-(Hydroxyimino)ethyl]-4-methylpyrimidin-2-amine
    —— carbazole radical cation 86-74-8 C12H9N
    carbazole radical cation
    —— 6-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine 1019023-12-1 C5H3BrN4
    6-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine
    —— 2,3,6-trimethyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxylic acid 1007875-80-0 C9H10N2O2S
    2,3,6-trimethyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxylic acid
    —— 3-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-idofuranose 24807-96-3 C11H18O7
    3-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-idofuranose
    —— 3-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazole 1622840-18-9 C6H7BrN2
    3-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazole
    —— 4-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyridine 1260385-72-5 C9H8N2O2
    4-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyridine
    —— (3R,4R)-4-methyl-1-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate 1253791-53-5 C11H18NO4-
    (3R,4R)-4-methyl-1-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate
    —— 4,6-Dichloropyrimidine-2-carbonitrile 1451391-83-5 C5HCl2N3
    4,6-Dichloropyrimidine-2-carbonitrile
    —— 1-ethyl-3-allylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1620678-65-0 C8H13N2*F6P
    1-ethyl-3-allylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
    —— tert-butyl (S)-2-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylate 2212021-61-7 C23H28FN5O3
    tert-butyl (S)-2-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylate
    —— 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxylic acid 63618-04-2 C6H9NO2
    3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxylic acid
    —— Homohistamine dihydrochloride 40836-55-3 C6H11N3*2ClH
    Homohistamine dihydrochloride
    —— dimethyl 4,4'-(9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)dibenzoate 1258419-88-3 C28H21NO4
    dimethyl 4,4'-(9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)dibenzoate
    —— N-(2-(4-(3-(1,3-dimethyl-1H-indazol-6-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide 2225824-53-1 C25H26N6O3
    N-(2-(4-(3-(1,3-dimethyl-1H-indazol-6-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide
    —— 3-Ethyl-4-methyl-1-[4-oxo-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]-4,5-dihydro-1H-1lambda~4~,3-thiazol-3-ium 203785-75-5 C12H17N2OS3+
    3-Ethyl-4-methyl-1-[4-oxo-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]-4,5-dihydro-1H-1lambda~4~,3-thiazol-3-ium
    —— acridine anion radical 260-94-6 C13H9N
    acridine anion radical
    —— imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-3-ylmethanol 130182-36-4 C6H6N2OS
    imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-3-ylmethanol
    —— 7-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 926230-79-7 C6H2ClF3N4
    7-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine
    —— 4-chloro-6-methyl-5H,6H,7H,8H-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine 1258650-41-7 C8H10ClN3
    4-chloro-6-methyl-5H,6H,7H,8H-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine
    —— 2-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-2,2-diphenylacetonitrile 3212-87-1 C20H22N2
    2-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-2,2-diphenylacetonitrile
    —— 2,8-dibromo-5,11-di(4-bromophenyl)indolo[3,2-b]carbazole 1578231-86-3 C30H16Br4N2
    2,8-dibromo-5,11-di(4-bromophenyl)indolo[3,2-b]carbazole