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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 3,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-benzyl alcohol —— C8H10O3
3,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-benzyl alcohol
—— 2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)phenol —— C19H19NO6
2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)phenol
—— 2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol —— C12H16O3
2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol
—— 2-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5-methoxyhydroquinone —— C12H16O3
2-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5-methoxyhydroquinone
—— 2',5'-dihydroxy-2-thienylchalcone —— C13H10O3S
2',5'-dihydroxy-2-thienylchalcone
—— 2',5'-dihydroxy-2-furfurylchalcone —— C13H10O4
2',5'-dihydroxy-2-furfurylchalcone
—— all-trans-1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2,4-dienepentan-1-one —— C17H14O3
all-trans-1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2,4-dienepentan-1-one
—— (E)-1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-propen-1-one —— C14H11NO3
(E)-1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-propen-1-one
—— 2,3-Dihydroxy-N-{2-[((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethylperhydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]ethyl}-5-nitrobenzamide —— C18H24N2O10
2,3-Dihydroxy-N-{2-[((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethylperhydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]ethyl}-5-nitrobenzamide
—— N-(2-Methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide —— C10H12N2O6
N-(2-Methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide
—— 2,3-Dihydroxy-5-nitro-N-{2-[((2R,3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy]ethyl}benzamide —— C14H18N2O10
2,3-Dihydroxy-5-nitro-N-{2-[((2R,3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy]ethyl}benzamide
—— 4-hydroxy-phenylcarbamic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester —— C11H10N2O5
4-hydroxy-phenylcarbamic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester
—— 5,17-bis-(chloromethyl)-11,23-di-tert-butylcalix<4>arene-25,26,27,28-tetrol —— C38H42Cl2O4
5,17-bis-(chloromethyl)-11,23-di-tert-butylcalix<4>arene-25,26,27,28-tetrol
—— 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid —— C16H11NO4
4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
—— 4,6-difluororesorcinol —— C6H4F2O2
4,6-difluororesorcinol
—— 5-methoxy-2-(5-(2-methylfuran-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol —— C14H12N2O4
5-methoxy-2-(5-(2-methylfuran-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol
—— 5-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol —— C9H12O4
5-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol
—— 4-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-but-2-enal —— C13H16O2
4-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-but-2-enal
—— 2-({4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)ethyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}thio)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester —— C19H25NO4S2
2-({4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)ethyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}thio)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester
—— p-C6H4(NH2)OH(1+) —— C6H7NO
p-C6H4(NH2)OH(1+)
—— 6-amino-2-bromo-3,4-dimethyl-phenol —— C8H10BrNO
6-amino-2-bromo-3,4-dimethyl-phenol
—— 2-[N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylphenol —— C14H21NO2
2-[N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylphenol
—— (E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one —— C15H13NO3
(E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
—— methyl 2-(tert-butoxy)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-nitrophenyl)acetate —— C15H21NO6
methyl 2-(tert-butoxy)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-nitrophenyl)acetate
—— 3-methyl-4-(p-tolylamino)phenol —— C14H15NO
3-methyl-4-(p-tolylamino)phenol
—— butyl(4-hydroxyphenyl)tellane —— C10H14OTe
butyl(4-hydroxyphenyl)tellane
—— N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-epi-aminoquercitol —— C14H21NO6
N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-epi-aminoquercitol
—— 4,6-dichloro-2-hexyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol —— C13H18Cl2O3
4,6-dichloro-2-hexyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylthio)pentane-2,4-dione —— C13H16O3S
3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylthio)pentane-2,4-dione
—— 4-(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole —— C12H14N2O
4-(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole
—— 4-[(dodecylselanyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C21H36OSe
4-[(dodecylselanyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 4-(2,2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C12H12F6O5S2
4-(2,2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophenium bromide —— Br*C20H17OS
5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophenium bromide
—— 4-(1-hydroxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C13H15F3O4
4-(1-hydroxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 4,9-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,8,9-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-g]chromene-2,5,7,10-tetraone —— C26H20O10
4,9-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,8,9-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-g]chromene-2,5,7,10-tetraone
—— 4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole —— C9H8N4OS
4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole
—— (E)-6-(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid —— C16H21ClO4
(E)-6-(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid
—— (E)-6-(5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid —— C16H22O4
(E)-6-(5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid
—— N-4-t-butylbenzoyl-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-methylphenoxy]ethyl}-4-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolecarboxamide —— C30H38ClN3O4
N-4-t-butylbenzoyl-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-methylphenoxy]ethyl}-4-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolecarboxamide
—— 4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol —— C14H18O2S
4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol —— C14H18OS
4-methyl-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol
—— methyl 3-oxo-4-(2,4-dibromo-3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)butanoate —— C11H10Br2O5
methyl 3-oxo-4-(2,4-dibromo-3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)butanoate
—— 2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-p-methoxyphenylaminopropen-1-yl)-3,5-dibromohydroquinone —— C19H19Br2NO5
2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-p-methoxyphenylaminopropen-1-yl)-3,5-dibromohydroquinone
—— 6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazin-7-one —— C18H12BrN3O3S
6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazin-7-one
—— 3-allyl-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one —— C13H10BrNO2S2
3-allyl-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-4'-pentyl-p-terphenyl —— C23H24F2O
2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-4'-pentyl-p-terphenyl
—— 5-Hydroxy-1-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-benzocyclobutene —— C14H17NO
5-Hydroxy-1-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-benzocyclobutene
—— 2-methoxy-4-((E)-2-(4-((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)vinyl)phenol —— C20H19N3O3
2-methoxy-4-((E)-2-(4-((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)vinyl)phenol
—— trans-3-phenyl-5(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline —— C15H14N2O
trans-3-phenyl-5(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline
—— 2,4-dichlorothiophenol —— C6H4Cl2OS2
2,4-dichlorothiophenol