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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 4-(1-Hydroxy-butyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol —— C12H18O4
4-(1-Hydroxy-butyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol
—— N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzyl)-12-oxooctadec-(9E)-enamide —— C26H41NO4
N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzyl)-12-oxooctadec-(9E)-enamide
—— (E)-4-tert-butyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)phenol —— C18H21NO3
(E)-4-tert-butyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)phenol
—— (Z)-5-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-ylmethylene]-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one —— C20H17N3O2S2
(Z)-5-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-ylmethylene]-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one
—— 4-chloro-6-(1-methyl-heptyl)-resorcinol —— C14H21ClO2
4-chloro-6-(1-methyl-heptyl)-resorcinol
—— 2,3,6-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde —— C8H8O5
2,3,6-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde
—— diethylammonium ethyl [1-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phosphonate —— C4H11N*C10H15O5P
diethylammonium ethyl [1-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phosphonate
—— isopropyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetate —— C12H16O4
isopropyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetate
—— 2,2'-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(3-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one) —— C20H22O6
2,2'-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(3-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one)
—— 2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl decanoate —— C20H31NO5
2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl decanoate
—— 1,5-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pentan-3-one —— C17H18O3
1,5-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pentan-3-one
—— 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol —— C9H9F3O2
2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol
—— 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylguanidine —— C8H11N3O
1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylguanidine
—— N-(4,5-dihydro-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide —— C16H15N3O2S
N-(4,5-dihydro-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide
—— 4-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitrophenol —— C7H6BrNO3
4-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitrophenol
—— 4-{[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H15NO3
4-{[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-benzene-1,2-diol
—— 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyll)acetic acid methyl ester —— C10H12O5
2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyll)acetic acid methyl ester
—— (-)-2S,4S,5R-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine —— C17H19NO2
(-)-2S,4S,5R-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine
—— (+)-2S,4S,5S-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine —— C17H19NO2
(+)-2S,4S,5S-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine
—— 1,4-bis-[5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]butane —— C20H18N4O4S2
1,4-bis-[5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]butane
—— (R)-(-)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid pyrrolidinocarbamoylmethylester —— C15H20N2O4
(R)-(-)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid pyrrolidinocarbamoylmethylester
—— butyl-hydroxy-toluene —— C11H16O
butyl-hydroxy-toluene
—— 4,5-difluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H5BF2O3
4,5-difluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— (Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one —— C16H13NO3
(Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one —— C16H13NO3
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one
—— 7-(3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid —— C13H11NO5
7-(3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid
—— (E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
(E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide
—— N'-(3-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
N'-(3-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide
—— N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea —— C14H10F3N3O4
N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea
—— 5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)rhodanine 6318-35-0 C10H6BrNO2S2
5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)rhodanine
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propenyl-phenyl)-propan-1-ol —— C13H18O3
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propenyl-phenyl)-propan-1-ol
—— 4-(4-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl-butyl)-phenol —— C12H15N3O
4-(4-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl-butyl)-phenol
—— 2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde —— C8H9NO3
2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
—— 2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile —— C8H6N2O3
2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile
—— N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide —— C17H19NO3
N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide
—— cyclohexanecarboxylic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide) 443991-48-8 C14H18N2O2
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide)
—— monochasiol D —— C19H29ClO2
monochasiol D
—— N-(3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)phenethylamine —— C17H19NO3
N-(3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)phenethylamine
—— (Z)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one —— C16H11NO4
(Z)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one
—— o-<(Octylthio)methyl>phenol —— C15H24OS
o-<(Octylthio)methyl>phenol
—— 4-(1,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzene-1,3-diol —— C21H16Cl2N2O2
4-(1,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzene-1,3-diol
—— (S)-4-(4'-methylheptyloxy)phenol —— C14H22O2
(S)-4-(4'-methylheptyloxy)phenol
—— R,S-N-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylamine —— C18H23NO2
R,S-N-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylamine
—— 2-(((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-hydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)-5-methylbenzene-1,3-diol —— C22H34O3
2-(((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-hydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)-5-methylbenzene-1,3-diol
—— N'-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbohydrazide —— C11H9N5O4S
N'-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbohydrazide
—— (E)-5-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one —— C15H13N3O3
(E)-5-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one
—— (+/-)-((R*)-((2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-pyridylmethyl)phenol —— C21H27N3O
(+/-)-((R*)-((2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-pyridylmethyl)phenol
—— 4-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenylsulphonyl)-1,2-benzenediol —— C12H8Cl2O4S
4-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenylsulphonyl)-1,2-benzenediol
—— 2-amino-2-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butane —— C11H17NO
2-amino-2-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butane
—— 5-hydroxy-N'-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pentanohydrazide —— C12H16N2O3
5-hydroxy-N'-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pentanohydrazide