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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3,6-trimethylphenol —— C10H14O2
4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3,6-trimethylphenol
—— 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one —— C10H10O2
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
—— 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione —— C26H28N4OS
5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione
—— 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione —— C24H22ClN3OS
5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione
—— 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethane thione —— C24H22FN3OS
5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethane thione
—— 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione —— C24H22ClN3OS
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione
—— 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione —— C27H29N3O4S
5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione
—— 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione —— C25H25N3O2S
5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidinomethanethione
—— α-(aminomethyl)(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methanol hydrochloride —— C9H13NO2*ClH
α-(aminomethyl)(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methanol hydrochloride
—— 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-(2-furyl)-2-propen-1-one —— C14H12O3
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-(2-furyl)-2-propen-1-one
—— diethyl ((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)(morpholino)methyl)phosphonate —— C15H23N2O7P
diethyl ((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)(morpholino)methyl)phosphonate
—— 1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]-3-phenoxy-2-propanol —— C18H22O4
1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]-3-phenoxy-2-propanol
—— ethyl 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanoate —— C14H18O5
ethyl 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanoate
—— ethyl (3R)-azido-3-[3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl]-(2R)-hydroxy-propionic acid ethyl ester —— C13H17N3O5
ethyl (3R)-azido-3-[3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl]-(2R)-hydroxy-propionic acid ethyl ester
—— ethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-5-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate —— C15H18O4
ethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-5-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate
—— ethylvanillin —— C10H12O3
ethylvanillin
—— 6-methyl-2-(triethylsilylethynyl)-phenol —— C15H22OSi
6-methyl-2-(triethylsilylethynyl)-phenol
—— 2-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phenol 174406-31-6 C12H11NO
2-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phenol
—— (2E,5E)-2-(2,5-dimethylbenzylidene)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone —— C22H22O3
(2E,5E)-2-(2,5-dimethylbenzylidene)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone
—— 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-ethoxyethyl)phenol —— C18H30O2
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-ethoxyethyl)phenol
—— 5-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one —— C15H18N2O5
5-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one
—— (3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)cyclohexylmethaldehyde diethanol —— C12H18O4
(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)cyclohexylmethaldehyde diethanol
—— 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde diethylacetal —— C12H18O4
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde diethylacetal
—— 3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzene-1,2-diol —— C11H14O2
3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzene-1,2-diol
—— 3-((R)-5-cyclohexylimino-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-phenol —— C15H19N3OS
3-((R)-5-cyclohexylimino-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-phenol
—— 4-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)benzene-1,2-diol —— C9H13NO2
4-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
—— N-cyclohexyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzothioamide —— C13H17NO2S
N-cyclohexyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzothioamide
—— 4-((2,6-difluoro-4-(5-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)phenyl)difluoromethoxy)-2,6-difluorophenol —— C20H18F6O4
4-((2,6-difluoro-4-(5-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)phenyl)difluoromethoxy)-2,6-difluorophenol
—— 4-(difluoro(4′-propyl-[1,1′-bicyclohexane]-4-yl)methoxy)-2,6-difluorophenol —— C22H30F4O2
4-(difluoro(4′-propyl-[1,1′-bicyclohexane]-4-yl)methoxy)-2,6-difluorophenol
—— (E)-3-(dec-8-enyl)phenol —— C16H24O
(E)-3-(dec-8-enyl)phenol
—— 5,11,17,23-tetra(butylaminomethyl)-2,8,14,20-tetramethylpentacyclo[19.3.1.1<sup>3,7</sup>.1<sup>9,13</sup>.1<sup>15,19</sup>]octacosa-1(25),3,5,7(28),9,11,13(27),15,17,19(26),21,23-dodecaen-4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octol —— C52H76N4O8
5,11,17,23-tetra(butylaminomethyl)-2,8,14,20-tetramethylpentacyclo[19.3.1.1<sup>3,7</sup>.1<sup>9,13</sup>.1<sup>15,19</sup>]octacosa-1(25),3,5,7(28),9,11,13(27),15,17,19(26),21,23-dodecaen-4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octol
—— 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)thiazol-2(3H)-one —— C9H7NO2S
4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)thiazol-2(3H)-one
—— 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-N-(1H-indol-4-yl)-benzamide —— C15H11N3O4
2-hydroxy-5-nitro-N-(1H-indol-4-yl)-benzamide
—— 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-1,3-thiazinan-4-one —— C16H22N2O3S
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-1,3-thiazinan-4-one
—— 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-carboxy-1,2,3-thiadiazole —— C9H6N2O3S
4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-carboxy-1,2,3-thiadiazole
—— 2-Allyl-4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenol —— C15H20O2
2-Allyl-4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenol
—— 1-[2-allyl-4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-2,3-epoxypropane —— C18H24O3
1-[2-allyl-4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-2,3-epoxypropane
—— 2-cyclopropyl-6-methylphenol —— C10H12O
2-cyclopropyl-6-methylphenol
—— 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-3-pentanone —— C18H20O3
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-3-pentanone
—— oxozirconium(IV) 4-nitrophenoxide —— 2C6H4NO3*OZr
oxozirconium(IV) 4-nitrophenoxide
—— 5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one —— C22H16N2O2S
5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one
—— N'-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide —— C14H10Br2N2O3
N'-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide
—— 2,5-bis-(5'-tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl-2'-methyl-pent-2'-yl)-4-methoxyphenol —— C31H48O8
2,5-bis-(5'-tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl-2'-methyl-pent-2'-yl)-4-methoxyphenol
—— 2,5-bis-(5'-carboxy-2'-methyl-pent-2'-yl)-4-methoxyphenol —— C21H32O6
2,5-bis-(5'-carboxy-2'-methyl-pent-2'-yl)-4-methoxyphenol
—— 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-trimethylsilylphenol —— C16H30O2Si2
4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-trimethylsilylphenol
—— 2-(3',5'-dimethylisoxazol-4'-yl)-3-methylphenol —— C12H13NO2
2-(3',5'-dimethylisoxazol-4'-yl)-3-methylphenol
—— N-benzylidene-N'-salicylidene-1,1-diaminopropane —— C17H18N2O
N-benzylidene-N'-salicylidene-1,1-diaminopropane
—— 2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methylphenol —— C17H20N4O
2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methylphenol
—— 1-[5'-bromosalicylidene]-2-[2"-pyridyl]hydrazine —— C12H10BrN3O
1-[5'-bromosalicylidene]-2-[2"-pyridyl]hydrazine
—— N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide —— C10H12N2O3
N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide