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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 3-cyclopentylbenzene-1,2-diol —— C11H14O2
3-cyclopentylbenzene-1,2-diol
—— 2,3-difluoro-6-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde —— C8H6F2O3
2,3-difluoro-6-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
—— 2-(4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)ethanol —— C13H18O3
2-(4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)ethanol
—— N-(4,4-dipropylcyclohexyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetamide —— C21H33NO3
N-(4,4-dipropylcyclohexyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
—— 2-methoxy-4-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol —— C16H16N2O2
2-methoxy-4-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol
—— 6-amino-4-ethylresorcinol —— C8H11NO2
6-amino-4-ethylresorcinol
—— 5-(butylamino)-2-nitrophenol —— C10H14N2O3
5-(butylamino)-2-nitrophenol
—— 2-chloro-8-hydroxy-9-oxo-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazin-6-yl dimethylsulfamate —— C16H17ClN2O6S
2-chloro-8-hydroxy-9-oxo-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazin-6-yl dimethylsulfamate
—— 2-(2-aminoethyl)-4-nitrophenol —— C8H10N2O3
2-(2-aminoethyl)-4-nitrophenol
—— (E)-2-(((4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol —— C10H10N4O2
(E)-2-(((4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol
—— 3-(2,2-diethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)phenol —— C14H20O2
3-(2,2-diethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)phenol
—— 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone —— C8H9N3O2S
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
—— 4-cyclopropylmethyl-2-methoxyphenol —— C11H14O2
4-cyclopropylmethyl-2-methoxyphenol
—— 3-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one —— C16H13N3O3
3-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one
—— 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate —— C17H18O4
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate
—— 3,4-dihydroxycinnamyl cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate —— C29H38O4
3,4-dihydroxycinnamyl cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate
—— 3-[1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]phenol —— C12H17NO
3-[1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]phenol
—— 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole —— C15H12N2O2S
2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
—— 5-Heptadecyl-benzene-1,2,3-triol —— C23H40O3
5-Heptadecyl-benzene-1,2,3-triol
—— diethyl [(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl]phosphonate —— C18H24NO5P
diethyl [(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl]phosphonate
—— 3-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)phenyl-ethyl(methyl)carbamate —— C19H22N2O6
3-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)phenyl-ethyl(methyl)carbamate
—— 1-[3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanone —— C17H16N2O3
1-[3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanone
—— 3-(3-{[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-ethyl]-methyl-amino}-propyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one —— C24H30N2O7S
3-(3-{[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-ethyl]-methyl-amino}-propyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 2-<i>tert</i>-Butylaminomethyl-4-nitro-phenol —— C11H16N2O3
2-<i>tert</i>-Butylaminomethyl-4-nitro-phenol
—— N-(2,3-dihydroxyphenethyl)methanesulfonamide —— C9H13NO4S
N-(2,3-dihydroxyphenethyl)methanesulfonamide
—— (E)-2-[(3-methyl)-3-pentenyl]phenol —— C12H16O
(E)-2-[(3-methyl)-3-pentenyl]phenol
—— methyl 2-(4-bromo-3-hydroxyphenyl)acetate 936758-53-1 C9H9BrO3
methyl 2-(4-bromo-3-hydroxyphenyl)acetate
—— (Z)-3-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)indolin-2-one —— C20H16N2O3
(Z)-3-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)indolin-2-one
—— phenol-nonene —— C15H22O
phenol-nonene
—— 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutanal —— C11H14O2
4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutanal
—— 3-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(N-octanoylamino)isoxazole —— C24H27ClN2O5
3-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(N-octanoylamino)isoxazole
—— (Z)-5-(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione —— C10H6ClNO3S
(Z)-5-(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
—— 2,2-difluoro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-triethylsilylbut-3-yn-1-ol —— C16H22F2O2Si
2,2-difluoro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-triethylsilylbut-3-yn-1-ol
—— N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,10-decanediamine —— C24H32N2O2
N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,10-decanediamine
—— 3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol —— C9H12O3
3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol
—— 3-methoxy-4-[(1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propene-1-yl)oxy]phenol —— C13H18O3
3-methoxy-4-[(1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propene-1-yl)oxy]phenol
—— 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nirtobenzyloxy)ethanol —— C9H11NO5
2-(2-hydroxy-5-nirtobenzyloxy)ethanol
—— tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)germane —— C24H20GeO3
tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)germane
—— rac-lehmbachol D —— C26H26O8
rac-lehmbachol D
—— 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-N-(p-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide —— C20H21N3O4
4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-N-(p-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide
—— 1-(3-hydroxy-6-bromophenyl)-2-nitro-ethanol —— C8H8BrNO4
1-(3-hydroxy-6-bromophenyl)-2-nitro-ethanol
—— 2-(((3-ethynylphenyl)amino)methyl)-5-nitrophenol —— C15H12N2O3
2-(((3-ethynylphenyl)amino)methyl)-5-nitrophenol
—— 4-butyl-2-iodo-phenol —— C10H13IO
4-butyl-2-iodo-phenol
—— 3-Hydroxynitrostyrene —— C8H7NO3
3-Hydroxynitrostyrene
—— 1,2-bis(10,16,22-tri-tert-butyl-24,25,26-trihydroxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentahomo-3-thia-6-azatetracyclo<18.3.1.1<sup>8,12</sup>.1<sup>14,18</sup>>hexacosane-1(24),8,10,12(25),14,16,18(26),20,22-nonene)ethane —— C74H100N2O6S2
1,2-bis(10,16,22-tri-tert-butyl-24,25,26-trihydroxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentahomo-3-thia-6-azatetracyclo<18.3.1.1<sup>8,12</sup>.1<sup>14,18</sup>>hexacosane-1(24),8,10,12(25),14,16,18(26),20,22-nonene)ethane
—— N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide —— C14H11N3O6
N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide
—— 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,5,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)propan-1-one —— C21H25ClO3S
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,5,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)propan-1-one
—— (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester —— C13H18O3S
(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester
—— 5-phenyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione —— C14H10N2O2S
5-phenyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione
—— 2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile —— C17H16N2O4
2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile