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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 2-hydroxy-4,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde —— C7H4N2O6
2-hydroxy-4,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde
—— 4-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ketobutanoic acid —— C10H10O5
4-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ketobutanoic acid
—— 2-methoxy-6-{[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-phenol —— C14H16N2O2
2-methoxy-6-{[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-phenol
—— N-(5-bromo-2-pyridyl)-3-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzamide —— C12H8BrN3O4
N-(5-bromo-2-pyridyl)-3-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzamide
—— N-methylvanillylamine hydrochloride 150031-65-5 C9H13NO2*ClH
N-methylvanillylamine hydrochloride
—— 1-(5-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-2-(propylthio)ethanone —— C15H18Br2N2O2S
1-(5-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-2-(propylthio)ethanone
—— 4-[(1-propylsulfanyl)methyl]-1,2-benzenediol —— C10H14O2S
4-[(1-propylsulfanyl)methyl]-1,2-benzenediol
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)pentane-2,4-dione —— C14H18O3
3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)pentane-2,4-dione
—— diethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)malonate —— C16H22O5
diethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)malonate
—— calix[4]arene cesium salt —— C28H23O4*Cs
calix[4]arene cesium salt
—— calix[4]arene rubidium salt —— C28H23O4*Rb
calix[4]arene rubidium salt
—— N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidene)-3-pyridinecarbohydrazide
—— calix[4]arene sodium salt —— C28H23O4*Na
calix[4]arene sodium salt
—— calix[4]arene lithium salt —— C28H23O4*Li
calix[4]arene lithium salt
—— 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenol —— C10H11F3O
2,6-dimethyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenol
—— 2,5-dihydroxyphenylthiolanium perchlorate —— C10H13O2S*ClO4
2,5-dihydroxyphenylthiolanium perchlorate
—— 2,5-dihydroxyphenylthiolanium acid sulfate —— C10H13O2S*HO4S
2,5-dihydroxyphenylthiolanium acid sulfate
—— 4-Hydroxymethyl-2,6-dinitrophenol —— C7H6N2O6
4-Hydroxymethyl-2,6-dinitrophenol
—— dodecyl 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl sulfide —— C23H40OS
dodecyl 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl sulfide
—— N<sup>1</sup>,N<sup>4</sup>,N<sup>8</sup>-tris(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidine —— C34H43N3O9
N<sup>1</sup>,N<sup>4</sup>,N<sup>8</sup>-tris(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidine
—— N,N'-disalicylideneethylenediamine —— C16H16N2O2
N,N'-disalicylideneethylenediamine
—— 4-[(2-propylsulfanyl)methyl]-1,2-benzenediol —— C10H14O2S
4-[(2-propylsulfanyl)methyl]-1,2-benzenediol
—— 4-(Methoxyphenylmethoxy)phenol —— C14H14O3
4-(Methoxyphenylmethoxy)phenol
—— 4-fluoro-2-methylbenzene-1,3-diol —— C7H7FO2
4-fluoro-2-methylbenzene-1,3-diol
—— 3-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)methyl]phenol —— C16H17NO
3-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)methyl]phenol
—— 4-(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl)phenol —— C9H8BrNO2
4-(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl)phenol
—— 4-(3-chloro-propyl)-1,2-dihydroxybenzene —— C9H11ClO2
4-(3-chloro-propyl)-1,2-dihydroxybenzene
—— 6-allyl-2-hydroxymethyl-4-methylphenol —— C11H14O2
6-allyl-2-hydroxymethyl-4-methylphenol
—— 4-(2-((4R,6S)-2,2-dimethyl-6-pentyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenol —— C20H32O4
4-(2-((4R,6S)-2,2-dimethyl-6-pentyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenol
—— 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-[(dimethyl-4-methoxyphenylsilyl)-methyl-oxy]phenol —— C24H36O3Si
2,6-di-t-butyl-4-[(dimethyl-4-methoxyphenylsilyl)-methyl-oxy]phenol
—— 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-[(dimethyl-2-methoxy-phenylsilyl)methyloxy]phenol —— C24H36O3Si
2,6-di-t-butyl-4-[(dimethyl-2-methoxy-phenylsilyl)methyloxy]phenol
—— 2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-[(4-chlorophenyldimethylsilyl)methyloxy]phenol —— C23H33ClO2Si
2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-[(4-chlorophenyldimethylsilyl)methyloxy]phenol
—— 3-methyl-4(RS)-phenyl-6(SR)-(2-hydroxy)phenyl-tetrahydro-oxazine —— C17H19NO2
3-methyl-4(RS)-phenyl-6(SR)-(2-hydroxy)phenyl-tetrahydro-oxazine
—— 2-chloro-4-(4,6-dichloro-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino)-phenol —— C9H5Cl3N4O
2-chloro-4-(4,6-dichloro-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino)-phenol
—— 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxymandelic acid 100304-49-2 C10H12O4
3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxymandelic acid
—— N-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide —— C16H23NO3
N-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide
—— 3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)phenol —— C12H18O3
3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)phenol
—— 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-N-phenethylbenzamide —— C16H17NO3
3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-N-phenethylbenzamide
—— N-(2-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)ethyl)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide —— C16H21NO3
N-(2-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)ethyl)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide
—— 2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)phenol —— C19H22N2O5
2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)phenol
—— (trans)-N-[[2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopropyl]methyl] butanamide —— C14H19NO2
(trans)-N-[[2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopropyl]methyl] butanamide
—— 3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde-4-nitro-o-aminophenol 329936-54-1 C13H8Br2N2O4
3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde-4-nitro-o-aminophenol
—— N-4-methylphenyl-(2,4-dihydroxyacetophenylideneimine) —— C15H15NO2
N-4-methylphenyl-(2,4-dihydroxyacetophenylideneimine)
—— 5-((1E,3E)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)buta-1,3-dienyl)-2-nitrophenol —— C18H18N2O3
5-((1E,3E)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)buta-1,3-dienyl)-2-nitrophenol
—— 2-phenyl-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)pyran-4(4H)-one —— C18H14O4
2-phenyl-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)pyran-4(4H)-one
—— 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpentan-1,3,5-trione —— C18H16O5
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpentan-1,3,5-trione
—— N-<2-(1-azabicyclo<3.3.0>octan-5-yl)ethyl>-4-hydroxy-2-nitroaniline —— C15H21N3O3
N-<2-(1-azabicyclo<3.3.0>octan-5-yl)ethyl>-4-hydroxy-2-nitroaniline
—— 3-<2-<2-(4-hydroxy-2-nitrophenylamino)ethyl>pyrrolidinyl>propanoic acid —— C15H21N3O5
3-<2-<2-(4-hydroxy-2-nitrophenylamino)ethyl>pyrrolidinyl>propanoic acid
—— 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid —— C8H8O5
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid
—— 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)pentanehydrazide —— C18H22N2O5
5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)pentanehydrazide