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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— rhododendrol monoacetate —— C12H16O3
rhododendrol monoacetate
—— cis-N-{3-[5-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-[1,3]dioxan-2-yl]propyl}acetamide —— C15H21NO5
cis-N-{3-[5-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-[1,3]dioxan-2-yl]propyl}acetamide
—— (E)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one —— C12H15NO2
(E)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
—— N,N'-bis(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane —— C30H46N2O10
N,N'-bis(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane
—— N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,7-trioxa-10-azacyclododecane —— C17H27NO6
N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,7-trioxa-10-azacyclododecane
—— N-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane —— C19H31NO7
N-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane
—— 4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol —— C15H14O5
4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol
—— 4-(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol —— C18H24O3S
4-(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol
—— 3-isobutoxy-5-methoxyphenol —— C11H16O3
3-isobutoxy-5-methoxyphenol
—— 3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-benzothiazole-2-thione —— C16H15NO3S2
3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-benzothiazole-2-thione
—— 2,6-dimethoxy-4-<(N,N-dimethylamino)methyl>phenol hydrochloride —— C11H17NO3*ClH
2,6-dimethoxy-4-<(N,N-dimethylamino)methyl>phenol hydrochloride
—— diethyl (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)phosphonate —— C13H21O6P
diethyl (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)phosphonate
—— 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)phenol —— C17H16O3S
2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)phenol
—— 2,6-dimethoxy-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)phenol —— C17H18O3
2,6-dimethoxy-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)phenol
—— tert-butyl (R)-(1-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate —— C13H18FNO3
tert-butyl (R)-(1-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate
—— 2-(1-Hydroxy-2-nonynyl)-4-methoxyphenol —— C16H22O3
2-(1-Hydroxy-2-nonynyl)-4-methoxyphenol
—— 4-bromo-N’-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide —— C15H13BrN2O3
4-bromo-N’-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
—— (S)-(-)-α-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinemethanol —— C21H26FNO3
(S)-(-)-α-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinemethanol
—— N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-methoxybenzohydrazide —— C16H16N2O4
N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-methoxybenzohydrazide
—— (Z)-2-(5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid —— C13H11NO5S2
(Z)-2-(5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid
—— (E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)picolinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)picolinohydrazide
—— (E)-4-methoxy-2-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol —— C14H13NO2
(E)-4-methoxy-2-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol
—— (E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O3S
(E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide
—— 4-hydroxy-N’-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide —— C15H14N2O4
4-hydroxy-N’-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide
—— (E)-N’-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N’-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide
—— 2-(5'-methoxy-(2'-hydroxyphenyl))oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine —— C13H10N2O3
2-(5'-methoxy-(2'-hydroxyphenyl))oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine
—— 5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione —— C12H10N2O4S
5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione
—— (E)-N-ethyl-2-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide 189288-64-0 C11H15N3O2S
(E)-N-ethyl-2-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide
—— 2-butyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophen-5-ol —— C13H18OSe
2-butyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophen-5-ol
—— propyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate —— C11H14O4
propyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate
—— 5-(2,5-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one —— C10H8N2O3S
5-(2,5-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 4-nitro-2-propylphenol —— C9H11NO3
4-nitro-2-propylphenol
—— [(2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)methyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester —— C18H22NO6P
[(2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)methyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester
—— 2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid ethyl ester —— C17H17NO5
2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid ethyl ester
—— 2-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)benzene-1,4-diol —— C13H14N2O2
2-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)benzene-1,4-diol
—— 2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid methyl ester —— C16H15NO5
2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid methyl ester
—— 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one —— C19H20ClNO3
1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
—— 2,2'-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(benzene-1,4-diol) —— C20H20N2O4
2,2'-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(benzene-1,4-diol)
—— 2-ethoxy-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde —— C9H10O3
2-ethoxy-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde
—— 5-hydroxy-2-(o-tolyl)-1,3-benzoxazole-4-carbaldehyde —— C15H11NO3
5-hydroxy-2-(o-tolyl)-1,3-benzoxazole-4-carbaldehyde
—— 3-methyl-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene-isoxazole-5(4H)-one —— C11H9NO4
3-methyl-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene-isoxazole-5(4H)-one
—— 3-(5-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-4-chlorophenol —— C10H8ClN3O
3-(5-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-4-chlorophenol
—— 3-[cyclopropyl(hydroxyl)methyl]-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)phenol —— C15H17NO3
3-[cyclopropyl(hydroxyl)methyl]-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)phenol
—— (Z)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one —— C17H20O5
(Z)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one
—— (E)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one —— C17H20O5
(E)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one
—— (C6H5)2Sn(C6H4-o-OH)2 —— C24H20O2Sn
(C6H5)2Sn(C6H4-o-OH)2
—— 2-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)phenol —— C10H12O2
2-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)phenol
—— 2-(3-dimethylamino-prop-1-ynyl)-phenol —— C11H13NO
2-(3-dimethylamino-prop-1-ynyl)-phenol
—— α-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol —— C12H11NO2
α-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol
—— 2-bromo-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol —— C12H16BBrO3
2-bromo-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol