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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylthiophene 95650-85-4 C11H9ClS
    2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylthiophene
    —— 2-(2-Pyridyl)-4-benzyl-2-oxazoline 108915-08-8 C15H14N2O
    2-(2-Pyridyl)-4-benzyl-2-oxazoline
    —— 3-methoxy-1-naphthoic acid 147397-60-2 C12H10O3
    3-methoxy-1-naphthoic acid
    —— 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethylthien-3-yl)cyclopentene 219537-98-1 C17H20S2
    1,2-bis(2,5-dimethylthien-3-yl)cyclopentene
    —— 1,3-bis(2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene 1262284-06-9 C69H56N2
    1,3-bis(2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene
    —— potassium indole-3-acetate 2338-19-4 C10H8NO2*K
    potassium indole-3-acetate
    —— 6-bromo-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-one 1190861-69-8 C11H12BrNO
    6-bromo-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-one
    —— 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-[2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-ylidene)-ethylidene]-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one 5190-63-6 C23H23N3O
    5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-[2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-ylidene)-ethylidene]-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one
    —— ethyl 3-nitro-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate 39846-84-9 C6H7N3O4
    ethyl 3-nitro-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate
    —— 3-(pyrimidin-2-yl)thioazetidine 931581-82-7 C7H9N3S
    3-(pyrimidin-2-yl)thioazetidine
    —— 5-isopropyloxazole-4-carboxylic acid 89006-96-2 C7H9NO3
    5-isopropyloxazole-4-carboxylic acid
    —— ethyl 6-hydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate 76480-52-9 C8H10N2O3
    ethyl 6-hydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate
    —— (1S,3R,4R,7S)-3-(adenine-9-yl)-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 206055-70-1 C11H13N5O4
    (1S,3R,4R,7S)-3-(adenine-9-yl)-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
    —— methyl 1-benzyl-5-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxylate 1269755-42-1 C14H19NO3
    methyl 1-benzyl-5-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxylate
    —— (R)-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride 126330-90-3 C5H10N2O2*2ClH
    (R)-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride
    —— 5-methyl (S)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-dimethylaminomethylene-2-oxopyrrolidine-5-carboxylate 196394-47-5 C14H22N2O5
    5-methyl (S)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-dimethylaminomethylene-2-oxopyrrolidine-5-carboxylate
    —— (1S,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid 122743-44-6 C7H12O3
    (1S,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid
    —— 5'-O-Toluenesulphonyl-2'-deoxythymidine 7253-19-2 C17H20N2O7S
    5'-O-Toluenesulphonyl-2'-deoxythymidine
    —— 2-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-ol 87753-08-0 C13H12N2O
    2-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-ol
    —— 7β-[2-(thien-2-yl)acetamido]-3-hydroxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid 5935-65-9 C14H14N2O5S2
    7β-[2-(thien-2-yl)acetamido]-3-hydroxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
    —— tris[2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine oxide 131501-31-0 C21H24N3OP
    tris[2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine oxide
    —— 5,6-diaminouracil hydrochloride 53608-89-2 C4H7ClN4O2
    5,6-diaminouracil hydrochloride
    —— 4,4'-Dichloroindigo 6275-44-1 C16H8Cl2N2O2
    4,4'-Dichloroindigo
    —— (R)-phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methanol 5583-33-5 C12H11NO
    (R)-phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methanol
    —— (-)-epipinoresinol 10061-38-8 C20H22O6
    (-)-epipinoresinol
    —— 6-amino-1-ethyl-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione 41862-13-9 C7H11N3O2
    6-amino-1-ethyl-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
    —— 1,4-diketo-3,6-bis(5-bromothienyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole 777079-55-7 C14H6Br2N2O2S2
    1,4-diketo-3,6-bis(5-bromothienyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole
    —— ethyl 4-(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-1-benzofuran-6-carboxylate 955886-29-0 C14H14O5
    ethyl 4-(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-1-benzofuran-6-carboxylate
    —— methyl 3-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate 318496-66-1 C7H10N2O3
    methyl 3-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate
    —— 5-bromo-3-methylindoline 86626-42-8 C9H10BrN
    5-bromo-3-methylindoline
    —— tert-butyl 4-(3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-yn-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 203663-59-6 C15H23NO4
    tert-butyl 4-(3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-yn-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
    —— 5-amino-2-methyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one 74530-10-2 C4H7N3O
    5-amino-2-methyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one
    —— Crabtree's catalyst 64536-78-3 C31H50IrNP*F6P
    Crabtree's catalyst
    —— 2,5-dibromo-3-((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)thiophene 1048037-32-6 C10H14Br2O3S
    2,5-dibromo-3-((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)thiophene
    —— tris(4-(3,6-dimethoxy-N-carbazolyl)phenyl)amine 1447089-11-3 C60H48N4O6
    tris(4-(3,6-dimethoxy-N-carbazolyl)phenyl)amine
    —— 4-carboxy-N-(4-carboxybutyl)phthalimide 115181-34-5 C14H13NO6
    4-carboxy-N-(4-carboxybutyl)phthalimide
    —— δ-valerobetaine 6778-33-2 C8H17NO2
    δ-valerobetaine
    —— (R,R)-QuinoxP 1107608-80-9 C18H28N2P2
    (R,R)-QuinoxP
    —— 2,2-dimethyl-3-[4-[5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-2-pyridyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid 1382998-76-6 C20H18F3N3O3
    2,2-dimethyl-3-[4-[5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-2-pyridyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid
    —— 2-azaanthracene 260-32-2 C13H9N
    2-azaanthracene
    —— 4-amino-4-carboxypiperidine dihydrochloride 76508-73-1 C6H12N2O2*2ClH
    4-amino-4-carboxypiperidine dihydrochloride
    —— 5-bromo-2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran 1243543-40-9 C13H17BrO
    5-bromo-2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran
    —— 2,2'-(Buta-1,3-diene-1,4-diyl)dithiophene 23354-93-0 C12H10S2
    2,2'-(Buta-1,3-diene-1,4-diyl)dithiophene
    —— <i>N</i>-[2-(3-ethyl-3<i>H</i>-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)-ethylidene]-aniline 93317-48-7 C17H16N2S
    <i>N</i>-[2-(3-ethyl-3<i>H</i>-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)-ethylidene]-aniline
    —— 2-benzylquinuclidin-3-one 28281-22-3 C14H17NO
    2-benzylquinuclidin-3-one
    —— 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl (2E)-but-2-enoate 53665-20-6 C8H9NO4
    2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl (2E)-but-2-enoate
    —— (E)-2-(1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde 84-83-3 C13H15NO
    (E)-2-(1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde
    —— 2-pyridineboronic acid N-phenyldiethanolamine ester 662138-96-7 C15H17BN2O2
    2-pyridineboronic acid N-phenyldiethanolamine ester
    —— N-{(1S)-1-[2-(1-{[(3S,4R)-1-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}piperidin-4-yl)-5-chlorophenyl]ethyl}acetamide 455956-93-1 C30H38ClF2N3O2
    N-{(1S)-1-[2-(1-{[(3S,4R)-1-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}piperidin-4-yl)-5-chlorophenyl]ethyl}acetamide
    —— 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-pyridone 362704-44-7 C11H17NO3
    2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-pyridone