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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 3-(1-chloro-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridine 40472-84-2 C8H10ClN
    3-(1-chloro-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridine
    —— 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole hydrochloride 6109-97-3 C14H14N2*ClH
    3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole hydrochloride
    —— 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dihydrothiophene-3-carbonitrile 16563-14-7 C5H5NOS
    4-Hydroxy-2,5-dihydrothiophene-3-carbonitrile
    —— bis[4-(acryloyloxyethyl)thiophenyl]sulfide 133811-67-3 C22H22O4S3
    bis[4-(acryloyloxyethyl)thiophenyl]sulfide
    —— ethyl 2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)(ethoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(((2-methoxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)thiophene-3-carboxylate 308832-01-1 C28H31F2N3O7S
    ethyl 2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)(ethoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(((2-methoxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)thiophene-3-carboxylate
    —— 5-nitroisoindolin-1-one 110568-64-4 C8H6N2O3
    5-nitroisoindolin-1-one
    —— 2-butenoic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester 53665-20-6 C8H9NO4
    2-butenoic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester
    —— 4-chromanol 120523-16-2 C9H10O2
    4-chromanol
    —— (3S,4R)-1-benzylpyrrolidine-3,4-diol 76784-33-3 C11H15NO2
    (3S,4R)-1-benzylpyrrolidine-3,4-diol
    —— 5,6-dibromo-1H-benzotriazole 716320-92-2 C6H3Br2N3
    5,6-dibromo-1H-benzotriazole
    —— 6-methoxy-2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine 132682-80-5 C18H16NOP
    6-methoxy-2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine
    —— tert-butyl (2S,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 220047-75-6 C11H21NO3
    tert-butyl (2S,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate
    —— ethyl 6-methoxyindole-3-carboxylate 88612-61-7 C12H13NO3
    ethyl 6-methoxyindole-3-carboxylate
    —— 4-chloro-1-phenyl-3-nitro-2(1H)-quinolone 110254-64-3 C15H9ClN2O3
    4-chloro-1-phenyl-3-nitro-2(1H)-quinolone
    —— (3aR,4R,5R,6aS)-benzoic acid 2-oxo-4-[(1E)-3-oxo-oct-1-enyl]-hexahydro-cyclopenta[b]furan-5-yl ester 40834-86-4 C22H26O5
    (3aR,4R,5R,6aS)-benzoic acid 2-oxo-4-[(1E)-3-oxo-oct-1-enyl]-hexahydro-cyclopenta[b]furan-5-yl ester
    —— n-Methyl-4-(p-formylstyryl)pyridinium methylsulfate 74401-04-0 C16H17NO5S
    n-Methyl-4-(p-formylstyryl)pyridinium methylsulfate
    —— 4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester 143210-48-4 C13H19N3O2
    4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester
    —— parsaclisib 1426698-88-5 C20H22ClFN6O2
    parsaclisib
    —— Nopinon 24903-95-5 C9H14O
    Nopinon
    —— 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]piperidine 28033-37-6 C12H14F3NO
    4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]piperidine
    —— 4-(2-amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenol 1309682-18-5 C14H14N4O
    4-(2-amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2,6-dimethylphenol
    —— 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-methylpiperazine 1438279-35-6 C13H20N2
    1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-methylpiperazine
    —— 1-docosyl-piperazine 1018908-25-2 C26H54N2
    1-docosyl-piperazine
    —— 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)quinoline 917114-13-7 C19H19N
    2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)quinoline
    —— 2-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid 858956-25-9 C8H8N2O3
    2-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
    —— (3S,4S)-3-N-cyclopropylaminomethyl-4-fluoropyrrolidine 604798-54-1 C8H15FN2
    (3S,4S)-3-N-cyclopropylaminomethyl-4-fluoropyrrolidine
    —— [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aS,6bR,10S,12aR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate 14162-53-9 C36H58O8
    [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aS,6bR,10S,12aR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate
    —— oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester 14162-53-9 C36H58O8
    oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester
    —— [2,5-Dibromo-4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-piperidin-1-ylmethanone 1050611-59-0 C18H22Br2N2O2
    [2,5-Dibromo-4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-piperidin-1-ylmethanone
    —— 1-benzyl-4-amino-piperidine dihydrochloride 1205-72-7 C12H18N2*2ClH
    1-benzyl-4-amino-piperidine dihydrochloride
    —— 5-hydroxy-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one 1008517-74-5 C9H12N2O3
    5-hydroxy-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one
    —— 3-Bromo-6-nonanylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene 763115-01-1 C15H21BrS2
    3-Bromo-6-nonanylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene
    —— N’-(2-cyano-4-(3-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thioureido)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylformimidamide 937263-23-5 C15H21N5OS
    N’-(2-cyano-4-(3-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thioureido)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylformimidamide
    —— 5-METHYL-2-PYRIDYLZINC BROMIDE 257876-05-4 C6H6BrNZn
    5-METHYL-2-PYRIDYLZINC BROMIDE
    —— ethyl 3-oxo-2-<3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl>butanoate 731773-32-3 C14H14O5
    ethyl 3-oxo-2-<3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl>butanoate
    —— 2,2'-(7-(2-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid 1338231-09-6 C16H24N4O8
    2,2'-(7-(2-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid
    —— Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside 79528-48-6 C21H23NO9S
    Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside
    —— N-{6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide 1931994-81-8 C20H21F3N4O4S
    N-{6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide
    —— 2,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazole 1365544-07-5 C20H13NS2
    2,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazole
    —— 2-chloro-N-(phenanthridin-6-ylmethyl)acetamide 1400866-15-0 C16H13ClN2O
    2-chloro-N-(phenanthridin-6-ylmethyl)acetamide
    —— (R)-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)hydrazine hydrochloride 1364632-31-4 C4H10N2O*ClH
    (R)-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)hydrazine hydrochloride
    —— 1-cyclobutylcyclopropanol 112650-60-9 C7H12O
    1-cyclobutylcyclopropanol
    —— 3-azido-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-(O-isopropylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose 13964-23-3 C12H19N3O5
    3-azido-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-(O-isopropylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose
    —— methyl 3-bromopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate 1610611-84-1 C9H7BrN2O2
    methyl 3-bromopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate
    —— methyl 3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate 1610612-05-9 C15H19BN2O4
    methyl 3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate
    —— bis(2-picolyl)phenylphosphine 86674-25-1 C18H17N2P
    bis(2-picolyl)phenylphosphine
    —— cis-Ru(Bpy)2Cl2·2H2O 15746-57-3 C10H8Cl2N2Ru*2H2O
    cis-Ru(Bpy)2Cl2·2H2O
    —— 2-(bromo(phenyl)methyl)pyridine 1073477-82-3 C12H10BrN
    2-(bromo(phenyl)methyl)pyridine
    —— 2-trichloromethyl-4,6-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3,5-triazine 30863-21-9 C10H10Cl3N3O4
    2-trichloromethyl-4,6-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3,5-triazine
    —— (E)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one 1022282-99-0 C19H14O5
    (E)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one