摩熵化学
数据库官网
小程序
打开微信扫一扫
首页 分子通 化学资讯 化学百科 反应查询 关于我们
请输入关键词
历史搜索
    热门化合物HOT
    • 喹啉
    • 水杨醛
    • 二溴甲烷
    • 谷胱甘肽
    • L-乳酸
    • 苯巴比妥
    • 辣椒碱
    • 非那明
    • 百草枯
    • 联苯烯
    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— benzyl (2-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)carbamate 206265-31-8 C16H25NO6
    benzyl (2-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)carbamate
    —— U 75302 119477-85-9 C22H35NO3
    U 75302
    —— 7,9-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-7H-acenaphtho[1,2-d]imidazol-9-ium chloride 1246183-55-0 C37H41N2*Cl
    7,9-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-7H-acenaphtho[1,2-d]imidazol-9-ium chloride
    —— 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-chlorobenzoate 68388-09-0 C11H8ClNO4
    2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-chlorobenzoate
    —— 6-iodouridine 105967-11-1 C9H11IN2O6
    6-iodouridine
    —— (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate 1018899-03-0 C27H31ClO8S
    (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate
    —— 1-dodecyl-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole 875233-79-7 C18H33N
    1-dodecyl-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole
    —— ethyl 2-amino-5-cyano-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate 43028-74-6 C9H10N2O2S
    ethyl 2-amino-5-cyano-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate
    —— 2,3-pyrazinedithiol 80458-31-7 C4H4N2S2
    2,3-pyrazinedithiol
    —— <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-phthaloyl-<i>DL</i>-glutamic acid-5-benzyl ester 88784-33-2 C20H17NO6
    <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-phthaloyl-<i>DL</i>-glutamic acid-5-benzyl ester
    —— 2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-6-carboxylic acid 958333-20-5 C15H16N2O2
    2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-6-carboxylic acid
    —— tert-butyl (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate 1161932-04-2 C10H20N2O3
    tert-butyl (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate
    —— methyl 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-5-carboxylate 1017273-31-2 C10H9NO4
    methyl 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-5-carboxylate
    —— 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl acetate 68733-19-7 C14H19N3O9
    3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl acetate
    —— 4-((3'R,4'S,5'R)-6''-chloro-4'-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1'-ethyl-2''-oxodispiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-indoline]-5'-carboxamido)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid 1818393-16-6 C34H38Cl2FN3O4
    4-((3'R,4'S,5'R)-6''-chloro-4'-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1'-ethyl-2''-oxodispiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-indoline]-5'-carboxamido)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid
    —— 1-benzyl-4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine 13314-69-7 C19H21NO
    1-benzyl-4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine
    —— Bulbocapnine methyl ether 2490-83-7 C20H21NO4
    Bulbocapnine methyl ether
    —— 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 215788-34-4 C10H10F3N
    5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
    —— 2-{2-[7-(2-Methyl-1H-indol-5-ylamino)-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]-thiazol-5-yl}-propan-2-ol 225382-67-2 C22H20N4OS2
    2-{2-[7-(2-Methyl-1H-indol-5-ylamino)-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]-thiazol-5-yl}-propan-2-ol
    —— (R)-4-((S)-1-(benzyloxy)but-3-ene-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxypentane 87604-53-3 C16H22O3
    (R)-4-((S)-1-(benzyloxy)but-3-ene-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxypentane
    —— gepotidacin 1075236-89-3 C24H28N6O3
    gepotidacin
    —— 2-furyloxirane 2745-17-7 C6H6O2
    2-furyloxirane
    —— P4S10-pyridine complex 16610-51-8 C10H10N2P2S5
    P4S10-pyridine complex
    —— 4-methanesulfonyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy radical 35203-66-8 C10H20NO4S
    4-methanesulfonyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy radical
    —— 3-Morpholinylpropyl chloride 7357-67-7 C7H14ClNO
    3-Morpholinylpropyl chloride
    —— (E)-3-(2-nitroprop-1-en-1-yl)thiophene 149977-36-6 C7H7NO2S
    (E)-3-(2-nitroprop-1-en-1-yl)thiophene
    —— tert-butyl ester of 3-azidopyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 113451-52-8 C9H16N4O2
    tert-butyl ester of 3-azidopyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid
    —— 3-ethyl 5-methyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate 1101120-00-6 C12H12N2O4
    3-ethyl 5-methyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
    —— thiophene-3-carbaldehyde oxime 42466-50-2 C5H5NOS
    thiophene-3-carbaldehyde oxime
    —— Cis-[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl methanesulfonate 67914-86-7 C14H15Cl2N3O5S
    Cis-[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl methanesulfonate
    —— 5-((2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)-2-methyl-1H-indole 1071105-16-2 C13H10ClN3O
    5-((2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)-2-methyl-1H-indole
    —— tert-butyl 2-carbamoyl-1H-pyrrol-1-ylcarbamate 1206824-76-1 C10H15N3O3
    tert-butyl 2-carbamoyl-1H-pyrrol-1-ylcarbamate
    —— 6-methoxybenzoxazole 114980-26-6 C8H7NO2
    6-methoxybenzoxazole
    —— ethyl 5-bromoisoquinoline-1-carboxylate 1111311-65-9 C12H10BrNO2
    ethyl 5-bromoisoquinoline-1-carboxylate
    —— 3,5-dichloro-4-((6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)oxy)aniline 1581304-46-2 C10H6Cl3N3O
    3,5-dichloro-4-((6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)oxy)aniline
    —— bis(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) ether 63910-63-4 C10H12N6O5
    bis(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) ether
    —— 1-(4-pyridyl)-2-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene 42834-34-4 C13H10BrN
    1-(4-pyridyl)-2-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene
    —— (2S,5R)-1-t-butoxycarbonyl-(2,5)-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine 157968-72-4 C11H21NO4
    (2S,5R)-1-t-butoxycarbonyl-(2,5)-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine
    —— (2S,5R)-(1R,2S,5S)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane-2-carboxylate 147126-73-6 C18H27N3O4S
    (2S,5R)-(1R,2S,5S)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane-2-carboxylate
    —— (R)-2-(4-((2-ethoxy-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propyl)thio)-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid L-lysine 928821-41-4 C6H14N2O2*C21H23F3O5S
    (R)-2-(4-((2-ethoxy-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propyl)thio)-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid L-lysine
    —— 1-bicyclo<1.1.1>pentyl phenyl sulfide 98585-81-0 C11H12S
    1-bicyclo<1.1.1>pentyl phenyl sulfide
    —— 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol 876-93-7 C9H8N2O
    1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol
    —— 3-bromo-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole 1428799-40-9 C11H7BrN2
    3-bromo-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole
    —— 1-hydroxy-3-nitro-1<i>H</i>-pyridin-4-one 31872-57-8 C5H4N2O4
    1-hydroxy-3-nitro-1<i>H</i>-pyridin-4-one
    —— quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate 6151-40-2 C20H24N2O2*ClH*H2O
    quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate
    —— 5-bromo-3-methyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one 1410973-83-9 C9H7BrN2O
    5-bromo-3-methyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one
    —— methyl 2-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)acetate 123222-09-3 C8H8ClNO2
    methyl 2-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)acetate
    —— 4,4'-bipiperidine dihydrochloride 78619-84-8 C10H22N2*2Cl
    4,4'-bipiperidine dihydrochloride
    —— 5-phenyl-5H-dibenzophosphole-5-oxide 1031-13-6 C18H13OP
    5-phenyl-5H-dibenzophosphole-5-oxide
    —— 2-(4-methylphenyl)quinoline 24667-94-5 C16H13N
    2-(4-methylphenyl)quinoline