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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 2-(aminomethyl)thiazole dihydrochloride 53332-78-8 C4H6N2S*2ClH
    2-(aminomethyl)thiazole dihydrochloride
    —— 3-mercapto-2-ethoxycarbonylthiophene 1027291-35-5 C7H8O2S2
    3-mercapto-2-ethoxycarbonylthiophene
    —— 2,2'-(t-butylphosphiniden)bisfuran 62754-64-7 C12H15O2P
    2,2'-(t-butylphosphiniden)bisfuran
    —— 2,4-dimethyl-3-butylpyrrole 151464-91-4 C10H17N
    2,4-dimethyl-3-butylpyrrole
    —— 5'(R)-1,5-dioxo-5'-ethyl-5'-hydroxy-2'H,5'H,6'H-6'-oxopyrano<3',4'-f>Δ<sup>6,8</sup>-tetrahydroindolizine 110351-91-2 C13H13NO5
    5'(R)-1,5-dioxo-5'-ethyl-5'-hydroxy-2'H,5'H,6'H-6'-oxopyrano<3',4'-f>Δ<sup>6,8</sup>-tetrahydroindolizine
    —— 4′-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine 1239020-51-9 C23H19N3O2
    4′-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine
    —— 6-chloro-5-methoxy-3-methylindole 172170-01-3 C10H10ClNO
    6-chloro-5-methoxy-3-methylindole
    —— 5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 90432-58-9 C10H10FNO
    5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
    —— 1-(4-pyridyl)ethylamine dihydrochloride 174132-32-2 C7H10N2*2ClH
    1-(4-pyridyl)ethylamine dihydrochloride
    —— 3-(5-hydroxypyrimidin-2-yl)benzoic acid 1092568-86-9 C11H8N2O3
    3-(5-hydroxypyrimidin-2-yl)benzoic acid
    —— (3S)-Boc-amino-(4R)-ethyl-piperidine 488728-05-8 C12H24N2O2
    (3S)-Boc-amino-(4R)-ethyl-piperidine
    —— diphenyl(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)phosphine oxide 62754-68-1 C16H14NOP
    diphenyl(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)phosphine oxide
    —— 4-isopropylthiazolidine-2-thione 42163-70-2 C6H11NS2
    4-isopropylthiazolidine-2-thione
    —— 4-chloro-2,7-dimethylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine 936837-34-2 C8H7ClN2S
    4-chloro-2,7-dimethylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine
    —— ethyl [4-(morpholin-4-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl]acetate 1260543-99-4 C12H17N3O4
    ethyl [4-(morpholin-4-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl]acetate
    —— 1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid 162997-28-6 C12H13N3O2
    1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid
    —— 5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone 21617-16-3 C9H8ClNO
    5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone
    —— 1-ethyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole 1233525-88-6 C11H19BN2O2
    1-ethyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole
    —— N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylpiperazinium diiodide 6952-20-1 C8H20N2*2I
    N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylpiperazinium diiodide
    —— di-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl ether 1332707-99-9 C26H18F4O
    di-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl ether
    —— (2,2-diphenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methanol 93651-75-3 C17H18O2
    (2,2-diphenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methanol
    —— 8-bromo-5-chloro-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine 1030626-87-9 C6H3BrClN3
    8-bromo-5-chloro-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine
    —— (S)-2-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 22083-78-9 C9H12N2
    (S)-2-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
    —— ethyl 3-amino-5-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate 1334405-60-5 C8H9BrN2O2
    ethyl 3-amino-5-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate
    —— 6-bromo-2-methoxy-3-methyl-quinoline 854524-01-9 C11H10BrNO
    6-bromo-2-methoxy-3-methyl-quinoline
    —— 2-phenyl-[1,6]naphthyridine 52816-59-8 C14H10N2
    2-phenyl-[1,6]naphthyridine
    —— phenyl-di-[2]pyridyl-phosphine sulfide 165612-56-6 C16H13N2PS
    phenyl-di-[2]pyridyl-phosphine sulfide
    —— 2-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 1032267-56-3 C10H11NO3
    2-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid
    —— methyl 5-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate 1060724-74-4 C9H8N2O3
    methyl 5-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate
    —— 3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione 1423138-95-7 C46H71BrN2O2S2
    3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione
    —— 2-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)vinyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane 1239700-55-0 C14H18BFO2
    2-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)vinyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane
    —— N'-(5-fluoro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide 330572-32-2 C15H10FN3O3
    N'-(5-fluoro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide
    —— N,N-diethyl-2-{2-[4-(2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl]-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl}acetamide 958233-17-5 C29H34N4O5S
    N,N-diethyl-2-{2-[4-(2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl]-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl}acetamide
    —— N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-hydroxyproline benzyl ester 13500-53-3 C20H21NO5
    N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-hydroxyproline benzyl ester
    —— tetrathiafulvalene dication 31366-25-3 C6H4S4
    tetrathiafulvalene dication
    —— N-[2-acetamido-4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-3,3-dicyano-2-(3-methyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-2-enimidoyl cyanide 140234-93-1 C23H23N7O3
    N-[2-acetamido-4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-3,3-dicyano-2-(3-methyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-2-enimidoyl cyanide
    —— 2,4,6-trichlorobenzimidazole 142356-47-6 C7H3Cl3N2
    2,4,6-trichlorobenzimidazole
    —— 5-fluorobarbituric acid 767-80-6 C4H3FN2O3
    5-fluorobarbituric acid
    —— 1-(3-chloropropyl)pyridinium bromide 76892-41-6 Br*C8H11ClN
    1-(3-chloropropyl)pyridinium bromide
    —— 1,1'-Methylenebis<5-(furfuryl)furan> 29953-21-7 C19H16O4
    1,1'-Methylenebis<5-(furfuryl)furan>
    —— (2Z)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enenitrile 6041-28-7 C7H5NS
    (2Z)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enenitrile
    —— (2E)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enenitrile 6041-28-7 C7H5NS
    (2E)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enenitrile
    —— 1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole 1169709-28-7 C19H12Br2N2
    1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole
    —— (4R,6S)-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-dithiazinane 638-17-5 C6H13NS2
    (4R,6S)-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-dithiazinane
    —— (1S,3R)-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate 5470-37-1 C13H14N2O2
    (1S,3R)-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate
    —— 1-(4-bromobenzylsulfonyl)piperidine 950256-94-7 C12H16BrNO2S
    1-(4-bromobenzylsulfonyl)piperidine
    —— 2,4-quinolinediol monosodium salt 4510-76-3 C9H6NO2*Na
    2,4-quinolinediol monosodium salt
    —— (S)-[(2R)-1-benzyl-5-ethenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]-quinolin-4-ylmethanol;chloride 69221-14-3 C26H29ClN2O
    (S)-[(2R)-1-benzyl-5-ethenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]-quinolin-4-ylmethanol;chloride
    —— (1-Benzyl-5-ethenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)-quinolin-4-ylmethanol;chloride 69257-04-1 C26H29ClN2O
    (1-Benzyl-5-ethenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)-quinolin-4-ylmethanol;chloride
    —— LNK-754 1190094-64-4 C29H22ClN3O2
    LNK-754