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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Methyl 1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-carboxylate 63875-20-7 C4H4N2O2S
    Methyl 1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-carboxylate
    —— 7-bromo-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one 1313399-68-6 C10H10BrNO
    7-bromo-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one
    —— 5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole 251-80-9 C5H5N3
    5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole
    —— 5,7-dichloro-2-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 1232223-43-6 C11H6Cl2N4
    5,7-dichloro-2-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine
    —— <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-(4-chloro-pyridine-2,6-diyl)-bis-carbamic acid diethyl ester 63708-78-1 C11H14ClN3O4
    <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-(4-chloro-pyridine-2,6-diyl)-bis-carbamic acid diethyl ester
    —— 5,6-dichloro-2-benzothiazolamine 24072-75-1 C9H8Cl2N2S
    5,6-dichloro-2-benzothiazolamine
    —— 5-bromo-3-isopropyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine 1256819-54-1 C10H11BrN2
    5-bromo-3-isopropyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine
    —— 4,7-dibromobenzo[b]thiophene 1391908-40-9 C8H4Br2S
    4,7-dibromobenzo[b]thiophene
    —— 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-one 1003751-09-4 C17H16N2O
    1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-one
    —— 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5,6-dichloropyrimidine 32265-50-2 C5H4Cl2N2O
    2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5,6-dichloropyrimidine
    —— 1,3-diphenylpyrazinoimidazolium iodide 1311465-22-1 C17H13N4*I
    1,3-diphenylpyrazinoimidazolium iodide
    —— L-methoxyproline 75176-09-9 C6H11NO3
    L-methoxyproline
    —— 8-nitro-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid 121689-22-3 C10H6N2O4
    8-nitro-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid
    —— tert-butyl {[5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]methyl}methylcarbamate 881678-38-2 C17H20F2N2O2
    tert-butyl {[5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]methyl}methylcarbamate
    —— 1-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine 1228994-66-8 C7H11N3
    1-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine
    —— 4-chloro-5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole 235106-13-5 C10H6ClF3N2
    4-chloro-5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole
    —— 2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine-4,6-diamine 408352-74-9 C4H4ClN5O2
    2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine-4,6-diamine
    —— tert-butyl 4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 889945-69-1 C17H23N3O2
    tert-butyl 4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
    —— 3-bromo-2-methoxy-9H-carbazole 890079-77-3 C13H10BrNO
    3-bromo-2-methoxy-9H-carbazole
    —— ethyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate hydrobromide 38922-77-9 BrH*C10H10N2O2
    ethyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate hydrobromide
    —— 4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine hydrochloride 4983-39-5 C9H18N2*ClH
    4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine hydrochloride
    —— longifolan-15-ol 469-27-2 C15H26O
    longifolan-15-ol
    —— pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid 474432-61-6 C8H6N2O2
    pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid
    —— 3-(aminomethyl)pyridine 1-oxide hydrochloride 106940-10-7 C6H8N2O*ClH
    3-(aminomethyl)pyridine 1-oxide hydrochloride
    —— syn-tert-butyl ((5S,6R)-6-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)carbamate 1375541-78-8 C17H24N2O3
    syn-tert-butyl ((5S,6R)-6-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)carbamate
    —— sodium salt of sulfanilic acid 2-pyridylamide 127-57-1 C11H10N3O2S*Na
    sodium salt of sulfanilic acid 2-pyridylamide
    —— tert-butyl (4aR,7aR)-octahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate 159877-36-8 C12H22N2O2
    tert-butyl (4aR,7aR)-octahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate
    —— 5-bromo-4-chloro-7-cyclopentyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 717900-59-9 C11H11BrClN3
    5-bromo-4-chloro-7-cyclopentyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine
    —— methyl (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyloxy)acetate 69184-17-4 C8H7Cl2FN2O3
    methyl (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyloxy)acetate
    —— 4-Oxazolidinone, 3-ethyl-5-((3-methyl-2-thiazolidinylidene)ethylidene)-2-thioxo- 35795-44-9 C11H14N2O2S2
    4-Oxazolidinone, 3-ethyl-5-((3-methyl-2-thiazolidinylidene)ethylidene)-2-thioxo-
    —— methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopyryrrolidine-1-carboxylate 77130-93-9 C8H13NO3
    methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopyryrrolidine-1-carboxylate
    —— 3-<5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-furyl>propenoic acid 62806-39-7 C13H9NO5
    3-<5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-furyl>propenoic acid
    —— 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine 1210048-18-2 C12H16BN3O2
    7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine
    —— 2-hex-3<i>t</i>-enyl-5-methyl-furan 60858-07-3 C11H16O
    2-hex-3<i>t</i>-enyl-5-methyl-furan
    —— 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 1175972-08-3 C11H9ClN2O2
    1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
    —— (2S)-2-phenylpyrrolidin-1-ium 1006-64-0 C10H14N+
    (2S)-2-phenylpyrrolidin-1-ium
    —— 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-ium-6,7-diol 52768-23-7 C9H12NO2+
    1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-ium-6,7-diol
    —— vogeloside 60077-47-6 C17H24O10
    vogeloside
    —— 2,4-dichloro-6-methyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine 1196157-27-3 C7H5Cl2N3
    2,4-dichloro-6-methyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine
    —— 5-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 67858-48-4 C7H7NO4
    5-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
    —— ethyl 2-[[(1S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R)-2-[[4-[(E)-N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl]phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]azetidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]acetate 192939-46-1 C24H35N5O5
    ethyl 2-[[(1S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R)-2-[[4-[(E)-N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl]phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]azetidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]acetate
    —— benzyl N-[6-oxo-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]amino]hexyl]carbamate 38822-58-1 C20H30N2O8
    benzyl N-[6-oxo-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]amino]hexyl]carbamate
    —— (2R)-2-{[(5Sa)-5-{3-chloro-2-methyl-4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}-6-(5-fluorofuran-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}-3-(2-{[1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methoxy}phenyl)propanoic acid 1799633-27-4 C39H37ClF4N6O6S
    (2R)-2-{[(5Sa)-5-{3-chloro-2-methyl-4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}-6-(5-fluorofuran-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}-3-(2-{[1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methoxy}phenyl)propanoic acid
    —— 1-(3-Aminopropyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione hydrochloride 54052-99-2 C7H13ClN2O2
    1-(3-Aminopropyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione hydrochloride
    —— Pyrimidin-4-ylamine trihydrochloride 174500-31-3 C4H8Cl3N3
    Pyrimidin-4-ylamine trihydrochloride
    —— 4-Aminonicotinaldehyde dihydrochloride 927891-97-2 C6H8Cl2N2O
    4-Aminonicotinaldehyde dihydrochloride
    —— 2-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid 852181-03-4 C5H5BrN2O2
    2-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid
    —— 6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid 1019021-78-3 C9H5F3N2O2
    6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
    —— (2S,4R)-4-amino-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol 1256636-31-3 C6H14N2O
    (2S,4R)-4-amino-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol
    —— 1-(3-Bromo-4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 1226225-33-7 C11H12BrNO
    1-(3-Bromo-4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one