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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 有机原料 杂环化合物

    杂环化合物

    杂环化合物是一类分子中具有环状结构的有机化合物，其构成环的原子除了碳外还含有一个或多个氮、硫、氧等其他原子。单杂环化合物仅含一个环，如呋喃、噻唑和吡啶；而稠合杂环化合物则包含两个或更多环，例如喹啉和嘌呤。最稳定且最常见的为五元或六元杂环。

    简单杂环化合物能够与苯或其他杂环并合形成双环、三环或多环系统。某些杂环具有芳香族化合物的特性，如易于进行置换反应，难以发生加成反应，并对氧化剂较为稳定。这些化合物广泛存在于自然界中，包括核酸、大多数维生素、叶绿素、血红素、多数生物碱和色素等。此外，部分合成农药也属此类化合物，比如除草剂阿特拉津、杀草强及麦草净，杀虫剂氟克螨与喹硫磷，以及杀菌剂灭菌净和克杀螨等。

    构成环系的原子除碳外还含有氧（O）、硫（S）或氮（N）等杂原子的环状化合物被统称为杂环化合物。严格来说，环形二酸酐、环形酰亚胺、内酯、交酯、环状酸酐、内酰胺和环醚等都属于这一范畴；但由于它们性质接近脂肪族化合物，并且容易从开链化合物合成并可逆地转化为链状结构，通常归入脂肪族化学讨论。

    因此，杂环化合物一般特指那些环系稳定且具有不同程度芳香性的芳杂环化合物。有机杂环化合物作为开链、碳环和杂环三类有机化合物之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大，占已知有机化合物的约三分之一，并普遍存在于生物界中，与生物生长、发育、繁殖及遗传变异密切相关。

    常见的杂环化合物包括氧茂（呋喃）、硫茂（噻吩）、氮茂（吡咯）、氮苯（吡啶）、氮萘（喹啉）和氮芴（咔唑）等。这些化合物广泛应用于有机合成或作为医药、农药、溶剂等用途，多为无色液体或结晶体，比重小于或接近于水且有毒性，能溶于某些有机溶剂并微溶于水。遇火种、高热、氧化剂和强酸可引发燃烧或爆炸，并释放出有毒的二氧化硫或一氧化氮气体；氧杂茂在空气中易形成过氧化物，在蒸馏时可能发生爆炸。

    在危险物品管理中，这些化合物根据火灾、爆炸及毒性的危险程度分别被列为易燃液体、易燃固体和有机毒害品。因此，在储存与使用过程中需按甲、乙类火灾危险性进行消防管理和丙类火灾危险性进行存储分类；发生火灾时，可用泡沫、干粉、雾状水、1211灭火剂或二氧化碳扑救。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 4-chloro-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)aniline 33829-87-7 C11H10ClNO
    4-chloro-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)aniline
    —— 7-methyl-3H-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one 175137-13-0 C7H6N2OS
    7-methyl-3H-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one
    —— ethyl 2-ethyl-4-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate 1201187-11-2 C10H16O3
    ethyl 2-ethyl-4-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate
    —— trimorpholylmethane 22630-09-7 C13H25N3O3
    trimorpholylmethane
    —— cyanomethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside 61145-39-9 C16H21NO9S
    cyanomethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside
    —— methyl piperazine-2-carboxylate dihydrochloride 122323-88-0 C6H12N2O2*2ClH
    methyl piperazine-2-carboxylate dihydrochloride
    —— ethyl 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate 397277-84-8 C16H18N2O6S
    ethyl 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate
    —— (1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl-methyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester 189560-83-6 C13H17N3O2
    (1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl-methyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
    —— 4-cyano-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran 179420-73-6 C13H15NO2
    4-cyano-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran
    —— bis(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)(piperidin-4-yl)methanol 1446818-43-4 C20H21NO5
    bis(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)(piperidin-4-yl)methanol
    —— 5-bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine 1196152-90-5 C5H3BrN4
    5-bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine
    —— 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine 693263-19-3 C24H28N2
    4,4'-di-tert-butyl-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine
    —— 2-Amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidin-4(1H)-one 253340-48-6 C5H7N3O2
    2-Amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidin-4(1H)-one
    —— Pyrrolidinyl diaminopyrimidine oxide 55921-65-8 C8H13N5O
    Pyrrolidinyl diaminopyrimidine oxide
    —— 2-isopropyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidine 77972-88-4 C8H17N
    2-isopropyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidine
    —— 6-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 1403901-49-4 C14H19BrN2O2
    6-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
    —— 2,7-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene-4,5-dione 1258459-49-2 C10H2Br2O2S2
    2,7-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene-4,5-dione
    —— 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole 107411-29-0 C14H11BrN2
    1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole
    —— trans-3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)propenoic acid 111252-31-4 C7H5BrO3
    trans-3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)propenoic acid
    —— 4,6-diphenylpyrimidine 3977-48-8 C16H12N2
    4,6-diphenylpyrimidine
    —— 1,4,5-oxadiazepane 746595-79-9 C4H10N2O
    1,4,5-oxadiazepane
    —— 4,4,9,9-tetrahexadecyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene 1209012-34-9 C80H138S2
    4,4,9,9-tetrahexadecyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene
    —— 3-methyl-trans(3-fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid) 1455037-43-0 C6H9FO2
    3-methyl-trans(3-fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid)
    —— ethyl 3-nitro-4-piperidin-1-ylbenzoate 71254-72-3 C14H18N2O4
    ethyl 3-nitro-4-piperidin-1-ylbenzoate
    —— dimethyl 4,5-dimethylphthalate 17649-59-1 C12H14O4
    dimethyl 4,5-dimethylphthalate
    —— (4-nitrophenyl)methyl (NZ)-N-[1-[(3S)-3-sulfanylpyrrolidin-1-yl]ethylidene]carbamate 90505-36-5 C14H17N3O4S
    (4-nitrophenyl)methyl (NZ)-N-[1-[(3S)-3-sulfanylpyrrolidin-1-yl]ethylidene]carbamate
    —— N-(8-benzyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)isobutyramide 1160844-31-4 C18H26N2O
    N-(8-benzyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)isobutyramide
    —— 9-(3-bromophenyl)-9’-phenyl-3 ,3’-bis-9H-carbazole 1398394-59-6 C36H23BrN2
    9-(3-bromophenyl)-9’-phenyl-3 ,3’-bis-9H-carbazole
    —— 3-[4-(aminomethyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]piperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride 444289-05-8 C14H15N3O3*ClH
    3-[4-(aminomethyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]piperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride
    —— (S)-5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 85187-29-7 C9H14N2O3
    (S)-5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
    —— 5-{-4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-amino)-ethoxy]-benzylidene}-2,4-thiazolidinedione 122320-74-5 C18H17N3O3S
    5-{-4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-amino)-ethoxy]-benzylidene}-2,4-thiazolidinedione
    —— ethyl 2-(4-methylpent-2-enoyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate 944559-46-0 C12H15NO3S
    ethyl 2-(4-methylpent-2-enoyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate
    —— (S)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione 42163-67-7 C4H7NS2
    (S)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione
    —— 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine 73892-45-2 C31H27NP2
    2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine
    —— pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 59378-87-9 C5H9NO2*ClH
    pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
    —— 2-Aminopyridine <i>N</i>-Oxide 14150-95-9 C5H6N2O
    2-Aminopyridine <i>N</i>-Oxide
    —— 3-aminohexahydro-2(1H)-azocinone 40033-49-6 C7H14N2O
    3-aminohexahydro-2(1H)-azocinone
    —— 3-Ethyl-2-((3-((3-ethylbenzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)benzothiazolium iodide 20517-94-6 C28H33IN2S2
    3-Ethyl-2-((3-((3-ethylbenzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)benzothiazolium iodide
    —— 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene 1012075-54-5 C18H22N4
    1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene
    —— 1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-1H-imidazole 18999-43-4 C9H16N2O2
    1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-1H-imidazole
    —— 1-(3-Methyl-4-nitrophenyl)imidazole 102791-92-4 C10H9N3O2
    1-(3-Methyl-4-nitrophenyl)imidazole
    —— 1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazole 1088567-34-3 C11H6F6N2
    1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazole
    —— 3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol 3969-84-4 C9H18O6
    3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol
    —— N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium hydroxide 68498-44-2 C6H14N*HO
    N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium hydroxide
    —— 2-azidoethyl α-D-mannopyranoside 155196-97-7 C8H15N3O6
    2-azidoethyl α-D-mannopyranoside
    —— 2'-O-methoxyethyl- N<sup>6</sup>-benzoyl -adenosine 333335-93-6 C20H23N5O6
    2'-O-methoxyethyl- N<sup>6</sup>-benzoyl -adenosine
    —— trans-decahydroquinoline 767-92-0 C9H17N
    trans-decahydroquinoline
    —— ethyl 2-(chloromethyl)-4-phenylquinoline-3-carboxylate 126334-84-7 C19H16ClNO2
    ethyl 2-(chloromethyl)-4-phenylquinoline-3-carboxylate
    —— 1-methylethylpiperazine dihydrochloride 88569-66-8 C7H16N2*2ClH
    1-methylethylpiperazine dihydrochloride
    —— methyl (2S)-3-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]-propanoate 656801-27-3 C14H19BrN2O4
    methyl (2S)-3-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]-propanoate