酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-Hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone oxime | 273926-57-1 | C10H13NO4 |
| —— | 4-chloro-3-cyclopropylphenol | 1807782-15-5 | C9H9ClO |
| —— | N,N'-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,1-diaminopropane | 123431-62-9 | C17H18N2O2 |
| —— | 1-(Buten-3-in-1-yl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclohexan | 93727-53-8 | C17H20O2 |
| —— | 2-<4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyliden>-7-jod-thionaphthen-3-on | 13545-82-9 | C16H11IO3S |
| —— | Picric acid; compound with 4-methoxymethyl-1,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole | 64689-23-2 | C6H3N3O7*C7H12N2O |
| —— | 2-Methyl-5-[[4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]phenol | 333726-87-7 | C19H21N5O4 |
| —— | 1181328-91-5 | C30H34FeN6O | |
| —— | (3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-oxo-dithioacetic acid methyl ester | 66740-03-2 | C9H8O3S2 |
| —— | 2-(hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide compound with picric acid (1:1) | 88485-14-7 | C6H3N3O7*C8H14N4O |
| —— | Phenol, 2-amino-5-bromo-4-fluoro-, hydrochloride (1:1) | 1037298-19-3 | C6H6BrClFNO |
| —— | 2-(2,3-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl decanoate | 1390634-24-8 | C18H28O4 |
| —— | β-(2,4-Dimethoxy-5-n-octylphenyl)-propionsaeure | 73551-61-8 | C19H30O4 |
| —— | Tetrahydro-sarcodontsaeure | 2901-95-3 | C22H36O5 |
| —— | N-(3-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-thiophenecarboximidamide hydrochloride | 262613-06-9 | C12H12N2OS*ClH |
| —— | N,N'-Hexamethylenbis(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetamid) | 70382-14-8 | C22H26N4O8 |
| —— | p-<1-<sup>2</sup>H>Butylphenol | 67402-23-7 | C10H14O |
| —— | [3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl]oxidanyl | 1569098-28-7 | C16H21N2O2 |
| —— | 2-Dimethylamino-7-hydroxy-3λ<sup>4</sup>-benzo[1,3]dithiol-4-ol anion | 53636-06-9 | C9H10NO2S2 |
| —— | 478400-78-1 | C24H21NO4 | |
| —— | 70126-28-2 | C18H18ClN3O4 | |
| —— | 4-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 310442-70-7 | C16H16N4O4 |
| —— | (3-OH)C6H3(OH)CH=NNHCON(CH2Ph)2 | 1522166-54-6 | C22H21N3O3 |
| —— | 3-Chloro-4-(2-isopropylamino-1-methoxy-ethyl)-benzene-1,2-diol; hydrochloride | 74571-93-0 | C12H18ClNO3*ClH |
| —— | 2-(1-imidazol-1-yl-butyl)-phenol | 71290-01-2 | C13H16N2O |
| —— | 3-(2-Amino-ethyl)-5-hydroxy-inden | 38185-15-8 | C11H13NO |
| —— | 2-[2-(3,3-dimethyl-3<i>H</i>-indol-2-yl)-vinyl]-6-methoxy-4-nitro-phenol | 68342-17-6 | C19H18N2O4 |
| —— | 4-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolylazo)-2-methyl-resorcin | 54696-39-8 | C12H13N3O2S |
| —— | 2-Ethylthio-1,4-dihydroxy-benzol | 18232-00-3 | C8H10O2S |
| —— | 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione | 1215088-77-9 | C17H14N4O4 |
| —— | N-[(Z)-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide | 1145905-57-2 | C16H14BrClN2O3 |
| —— | 1622386-34-8 | C22H18N4O8 | |
| —— | pentacyclo<19.3.1.1<sup>3,7</sup>.1<sup>9,13</sup>.1<sup>15,19</sup>>octacosa-1(25),3,5,7(28),9,11,13(27),15,17,19(26),21,23-dodecaen-4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octol,2,8,14,20-tetrapentyl-5,11,17,23-tetraethyl- | 124716-14-9 | C56H80O8 |
| —— | N-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine | 935844-14-7 | C13H11N3O2S |
| —— | 2-(((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol | 94527-22-7 | C9H7N3OS2 |
| —— | 4-(2'-methylbut-3'-en-2'-yloxy)phenol | 483979-66-4 | C11H14O2 |
| —— | 5-[2-(Aminomethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-2-methoxyphenol hydrochloride | 1354963-81-7 | C11H18ClNO3 |
| —— | 4-Imidazolidin-4-ylmethyl-benzene-1,2-diol; compound with oxalic acid | 125249-51-6 | C2H2O4*C10H14N2O2 |
| —— | 2-(2,3-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl octadecanoate | 1390634-28-2 | C26H44O4 |
| —— | 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl | 76800-21-0 | C14H12Br2O2 |
| —— | (S)-4-(methylthioethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline | 1420379-81-2 | C12H15NO2S |
| —— | 4-(5,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimido[4,5-<i>d</i>]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methoxy-phenol | 109408-97-1 | C15H18N4O2 |
| —— | 4,6-di-O-methyl-1,5-anhydro-3-C-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-2-C-formyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-xylo-hex-1-enitol | 142822-39-7 | C16H20O5 |
| —— | 2-{(E)-3-[(E)-Benzylimino]-propenyl}-4-nitro-phenol | 72517-00-1 | C16H14N2O3 |
| —— | 3-[4-[3-(Diethylamino)propoxy]phenyl]-5-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one | 1394355-04-4 | C24H28N2O4S2 |
| —— | ethane-1,2-diamine;2-methylsulfanylacetate;2-methylsulfinylphenolate;platinum(2+) | 189114-71-4 | C12H20N2O4PtS2 |
| —— | 4-chloro-2-nitro-6-(pyrrolidin-1'-ylmethyl)phenol | 157831-65-7 | C11H13ClN2O3 |
| —— | 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde | 617688-78-5 | C18H14O3S |
| —— | [1'-(13)C][5-(2)H]-vanillin | 1344121-48-7 | C8H8O3 |
| —— | 4-Hydroxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-3-carbaldehyde | 67213-02-9 | C9H8O2 |
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