酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | [Cu2(μ2-OOCCH3)2(2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-diol(1-))2(H2O)2] | 1093660-50-4 | C24H24Cu2N4O10 |
| —— | 2-Isopropylamino-indan-5,6-diol; hydrobromide | 50357-78-3 | BrH*C12H17NO2 |
| —— | 2-acetamide-1,3-bisacetoxy-2-(2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)propane | 845551-09-9 | C17H23NO6 |
| —— | Phenol, 4-(5-isoxazolyl)-2,6-dimethoxy- | 1538420-00-6 | C11H11NO4 |
| —— | N-decylsalicylideneimine | 18644-78-5 | C17H27NO |
| —— | 2,2'-di(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzyliminoethyl)disulfide | 627059-25-0 | C18H18Cl2N2O2S2 |
| —— | (2Z,5Z)-2-[(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)azamethylene]-5-({2-[(3-morpholinopropyl)amino](1,3-thiazol-5-yl)}methylene)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one | 1253208-72-8 | C21H25N5O3S2 |
| —— | 2-(2-methyl-pent-2-enylideneamino)-phenol | 70299-37-5 | C12H15NO |
| —— | 2-(2-Methylthiophen-3-yl)phenol | 1261928-34-0 | C11H10OS |
| —— | 1.6-Hexandiol-bis-<3-(3.5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionat> | 36837-55-5 | C28H38O6 |
| —— | 56866-47-8 | C23H22N2O2 | |
| —— | 2-[{5-((5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino}methyl]phenol | 1266135-98-1 | C12H10N6OS2 |
| —— | methyl 4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)butanoate | 71186-09-9 | C11H14O4 |
| —— | 3-Phenoxy-3-phenyl-propionic acid [1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene]-hydrazide | 64464-61-5 | C23H22N2O4 |
| —— | 5-bromo-2-trimethylsilanyl-phenol | 1242069-49-3 | C9H13BrOSi |
| —— | 135831-40-2 | C22H23N4O2PS | |
| —— | 10,21,32,43-Tetramethyl-3,6,14,17,25,28,36,39-octazapentacyclo[39.3.1.18,12.119,23.130,34]octatetraconta-1(44),8,10,12(48),19,21,23(47),30(46),31,33,41(45),42-dodecaene-45,46,47,48-tetrol | 154473-73-1 | C44H64N8O4 |
| —— | Phenol, 3,3a(2)-dithiobis[4-methyl- | 136-27-6 | C14H14O2S2 |
| —— | (3R,4S,5S)-3-amino-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-1λ6-thiopyran-4-ol hydrochloride | 947320-53-8 | C12H16BrNO4S*ClH |
| —— | {(2-Hydroxy-phenyl)-[(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-phosphinic acid | 80767-74-4 | C13H15N2O3P |
| —— | p-hydroxy-o-methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone | 28284-16-4 | C9H11N3O2S |
| —— | 2,4-diisopropyl-6-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazane-one | 1114888-89-9 | C14H22N4O3 |
| —— | 2-(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-5-methoxy-4-methyl-phenol | 1106538-66-2 | C12H18O3 |
| —— | 3-amino-4-[(5-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methylene]-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one | 1267391-80-9 | C11H10BrN3O3 |
| —— | (2'S,4'R,6'S)-2'-(3''',4'''-methylenedioxyphenethyl)-6'-(4''''-hydroxy-3''''-methoxyphenyl)tetrahydropyran- 4'-yl-3-methoxyphenyl carbamate | 1440431-79-7 | C29H31NO8 |
| —— | (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazole | 107826-01-7 | C10H9NO3 |
| —— | 2-Cyano-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid hydrazide | 57643-40-0 | C11H13N3O3 |
| —— | 2,6-bis(N-butyl-N-methylaminomethyl)-4-nitrophenol | 129190-26-7 | C18H31N3O3 |
| —— | 4-(2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropoxy)phenol | 129561-00-8 | C9H7F5O2 |
| —— | N-[(5-hydroxy-4-sulfanylidenepyran-2-yl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanamide | 870102-27-5 | C15H15NO3S |
| —— | 2-(hydroxy-3-pyridylmethyl)-3,5,6-trimethylbenzene-1,4-diol | 162653-22-7 | C15H17NO3 |
| —— | 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzamidrazone | 118872-77-8 | C7H8ClN3O |
| —— | 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-[2-(3-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-acetamide | 59043-66-2 | C10H9F4NO3 |
| —— | 1-n-Propyl-2-(3',4'-dihydroxybenzyl)-pyridiniumjodid | 57464-61-6 | C15H18NO2*I |
| —— | 2-methyl-4-(5'-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl)phenol | 934736-13-7 | C16H16N2O |
| —— | 1-(3'-Chlor-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dichlorethanol | 58622-54-1 | C8H7Cl3O2 |
| —— | 2,2'-(((piperazine-1,4-diylbis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(4-chlorophenol) | 76131-56-1 | C24H30Cl2N4O2 |
| —— | (2E)-N'-(3'-bromo-4'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzylidene)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzohydrazide | 1265608-64-7 | C18H19BrN2O6 |
| —— | 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenylmercury (1+); chloride | 33631-70-8 | C6H4ClHgNO3 |
| —— | 5-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-oxadiazole 3-oxide | 1113056-48-6 | C15H11N3O3 |
| —— | 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrrol-6-one | 1221183-17-0 | C19H14ClNO3S |
| —— | Bis-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester | 57646-46-5 | C20H24O4S2 |
| —— | (3S)-1-[(5Z)-5-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylpyrrolidin-3-aminium methanesulfonate | 1181081-58-2 | CH4O3S*C16H19N3O2S |
| —— | 2-methyl-4,6-bis((phenylthio)methyl)phenol | 110675-27-9 | C21H20OS2 |
| —— | 1,5-Dibrom-3,3-di-(β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl)-pentan | 13612-44-7 | C21H26Br2O2 |
| —— | 7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-5(4H)-one | 924847-05-2 | C14H13NO3S |
| —— | 5-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one | 98411-91-7 | C10H10N2O3 |
| —— | 4-(3-methylfuroxan-4-yl)phenol | 862608-04-6 | C9H8N2O3 |
| —— | 4-Bromo-2-[(E)-[(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol | 306742-68-7 | C14H12BrNO2 |
| —— | 3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde O-ethoxymethyl-oxime | 67649-14-3 | C13H17NO3 |
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