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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— (R)-(-)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid pyrrolidinocarbamoylmethylester —— C15H20N2O4
(R)-(-)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid pyrrolidinocarbamoylmethylester
—— butyl-hydroxy-toluene —— C11H16O
butyl-hydroxy-toluene
—— 4,5-difluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H5BF2O3
4,5-difluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— (Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one —— C16H13NO3
(Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one —— C16H13NO3
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)indolin-2-one
—— 7-(3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid —— C13H11NO5
7-(3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid
—— (E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
(E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide
—— N'-(3-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
N'-(3-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide
—— N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea —— C14H10F3N3O4
N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea
—— 5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)rhodanine 6318-35-0 C10H6BrNO2S2
5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)rhodanine
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propenyl-phenyl)-propan-1-ol —— C13H18O3
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propenyl-phenyl)-propan-1-ol
—— 4-(4-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl-butyl)-phenol —— C12H15N3O
4-(4-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl-butyl)-phenol
—— 2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde —— C8H9NO3
2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
—— 2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile —— C8H6N2O3
2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile
—— N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide —— C17H19NO3
N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide
—— cyclohexanecarboxylic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide) 443991-48-8 C14H18N2O2
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide)
—— monochasiol D —— C19H29ClO2
monochasiol D
—— N-(3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)phenethylamine —— C17H19NO3
N-(3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)phenethylamine
—— (Z)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one —— C16H11NO4
(Z)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one
—— o-<(Octylthio)methyl>phenol —— C15H24OS
o-<(Octylthio)methyl>phenol
—— 4-(1,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzene-1,3-diol —— C21H16Cl2N2O2
4-(1,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzene-1,3-diol
—— (S)-4-(4'-methylheptyloxy)phenol —— C14H22O2
(S)-4-(4'-methylheptyloxy)phenol
—— R,S-N-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylamine —— C18H23NO2
R,S-N-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylamine
—— 2-(((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-hydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)-5-methylbenzene-1,3-diol —— C22H34O3
2-(((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-hydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)-5-methylbenzene-1,3-diol
—— N'-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbohydrazide —— C11H9N5O4S
N'-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbohydrazide
—— (E)-5-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one —— C15H13N3O3
(E)-5-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one
—— (+/-)-((R*)-((2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-pyridylmethyl)phenol —— C21H27N3O
(+/-)-((R*)-((2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-pyridylmethyl)phenol
—— 4-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenylsulphonyl)-1,2-benzenediol —— C12H8Cl2O4S
4-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenylsulphonyl)-1,2-benzenediol
—— 2-amino-2-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butane —— C11H17NO
2-amino-2-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butane
—— 5-hydroxy-N'-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pentanohydrazide —— C12H16N2O3
5-hydroxy-N'-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pentanohydrazide
—— 2-methoxy-4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenol —— C8H7F3O2S
2-methoxy-4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenol
—— 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanone —— C11H14O2
2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanone
—— 1-(3-ethyl-5,5-ethylene-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-propanone —— C23H28O2S
1-(3-ethyl-5,5-ethylene-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-propanone
—— 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-dodecylthiourea —— C21H36N2O2S
1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-dodecylthiourea
—— N-allyl 3-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2(E)-(hydroximino)propanamide —— C13H14Br2N2O4
N-allyl 3-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2(E)-(hydroximino)propanamide
—— (E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(2-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
(E)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-N'-(3-(2-cyanobenzyloxy)phenylmethylidene)benzohydrazide
—— N'-(3-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O5
N'-(3-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide
—— (Z)-3-cyclohexyl-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one —— C17H19NO3S2
(Z)-3-cyclohexyl-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one
—— 5-({[2-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)ethyl]methylamino}methyl)-2-methoxyphenol —— C19H27NO4
5-({[2-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-en-8-yl)ethyl]methylamino}methyl)-2-methoxyphenol
—— 2-(2''-furyl)-1,3-bis(2'-hydroxy-5'-chlorobenzyl)imidazolidine —— C21H20Cl2N2O3
2-(2''-furyl)-1,3-bis(2'-hydroxy-5'-chlorobenzyl)imidazolidine
—— 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-yl)phenol —— C18H13O3P
2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-yl)phenol
—— 1,3-diallyl-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione —— C18H18N2O5
1,3-diallyl-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
—— 2-[4,4-bis(hydroperoxy)hept-6-enyl]phenol —— C13H18O5
2-[4,4-bis(hydroperoxy)hept-6-enyl]phenol
—— 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-(propane-1,3-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol) —— C19H22N2O4
6,6'-((1E,1'E)-(propane-1,3-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol)
—— N,N,N-Tris{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino]-[2H-2-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-yl]methyl-amino}ethylamine —— C63H87N19O3S6
N,N,N-Tris{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino]-[2H-2-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-yl]methyl-amino}ethylamine
—— 1,2-calix[7]-crown-3 —— C81H104O8
1,2-calix[7]-crown-3
—— 4-(cyclohexylidenemethyl)phenol —— C13H16O
4-(cyclohexylidenemethyl)phenol
—— 3,5-bis(t-dodecylthiomethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylphenol —— C35H64OS2
3,5-bis(t-dodecylthiomethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylphenol
—— 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde —— C11H8O3
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde
—— 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6-benzofurandione —— C14H8O4
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6-benzofurandione