酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-thioxo-tetrahydro-pyrimidin-4-one | 53377-41-6 | C19H18N2O4S |
| —— | N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-6-bromo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbohydrazide | 1185237-05-1 | C16H13BrN4O3 |
| —— | 3-chloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxyphenol | 765308-14-3 | C9H11ClO2 |
| —— | (Z)-2-{[4-methyl-2-(2-methylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]amino}phenol | 1002719-61-0 | C17H16N2OS |
| —— | 6-benzo[<i>b</i>]thiophen-3-ylmethyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine; picrate | 68700-54-9 | C6H3N3O7*C16H19NS |
| —— | 1-Methyl-3,17β-dihydroxy-Δ<sup>1,3,5(10)</sup>-oestratrien-7-on | 18012-15-2 | C19H24O3 |
| —— | 1-Acetoxy-2-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-pentanon | 83768-78-9 | C17H24O8 |
| —— | 2-([1-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-methylidene]amino)-4-nitrophenol | 1334326-07-6 | C25H34N2O4 |
| —— | 2-bromo-3-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-6a-methyl-4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3aH-pentalen-1-one | 1104634-57-2 | C15H13BrClFO2 |
| —— | 2,5-Diisopropoxy-benzene-1,3-diol | 42528-85-8 | C12H18O4 |
| —— | 4-(1,3-dibenzyl-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxy-phenol | 53703-69-8 | C28H25ClN2O2 |
| —— | 2-(((2-hydroxypropyl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol | 116779-20-5 | C11H15NO3 |
| —— | 2-Methyl-piperazine-1,4-dicarbodithioic acid bis-(3-methyl-2,4,6-trinitro-phenyl) ester | 53278-94-7 | C21H18N8O12S4 |
| —— | 54169-73-2 | C20H21NO4 | |
| —— | 6,16-ditert-butyltricyclo[12.3.1.14,8]nonadeca-1(17),4,6,8(19),14(18),15-hexaene-18,19-diol | 143105-69-5 | C27H38O2 |
| —— | 2-{[(E)-4-Fluoro-phenylimino]-methyl}-4-methyl-phenol | 36239-41-5 | C14H12FNO |
| —— | tetra-t-butyl(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(phosphonate) | 136829-84-0 | C24H44O9P2 |
| —— | 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-3-methylphenol | 41122-58-1 | C12H11N3O |
| —— | 3,5-dibromo-2',3'-dichloro-thionosalicylic acid anilide | 23238-84-8 | C13H7Br2Cl2NOS |
| —— | 2-Allyl-6-{[(E)-2-methyl-propenylimino]-methyl}-phenol | 39575-59-2 | C14H17NO |
| —— | 4-(5-Benzyl-tetrazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-phenol | 104065-33-0 | C17H18N4O |
| —— | Phenol, 4-chloro-3-fluoro-2-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)-5-methoxy- | 1785583-40-5 | C10H10ClFO3 |
| —— | 2-bromo-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3aH-pentalen-1-one | 1104633-39-7 | C15H15BrO2 |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(phenylimino-methyl)-benzaldehyde | 15333-94-5 | C15H13NO3 |
| —— | Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 1-(5-fluoro-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)- | 1780234-80-1 | C13H15FO3 |
| —— | tert-butyl ((5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)carbamate | 1369796-55-3 | C14H17N3O3S |
| —— | 2-(3-Hydroxypropyliminomethyl)-4-nitrophenol | 550345-24-9 | C10H12N2O4 |
| —— | 2-Methoxy-6-[(2-pyrazol-1-ylethylamino)methyl]phenol | 1227291-69-1 | C13H17N3O2 |
| —— | 4-Bromo-2-{[(Z)-4-(2-p-tolyl-thiazol-4-yl)-phenylimino]-methyl}-phenol | 54882-93-8 | C23H17BrN2OS |
| —— | 1-<sup>14</sup>C-p-Hydroxyphenylacetaldoxim | 34541-65-6 | C8H9NO2 |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (4-oxo-3,5-diphenyl-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-hydrazone | 101378-27-2 | C23H19N3O3S |
| —— | 3-(3,5-Dibrom-2-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin | 50526-73-3 | C17H15Br2N3O |
| —— | 2-(3'-methylbut-2'-enyl)-3-(1-(triisopropylsilyloxy)vinyl)phenol | 1275584-81-0 | C22H36O2Si |
| —— | 2-tert-Butyl-6-{[(Z)-2-hydroxy-5-nitro-phenylimino]-methyl}-4-methyl-phenol | 55041-55-9 | C18H20N2O4 |
| —— | 4-Nitro-2-({(E)-4-[2-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazol-4-yl]-phenylimino}-methyl)-phenol | 54883-16-8 | C25H21N3O6S |
| —— | p-phenylenediamine picrate | 54800-06-5 | C6H3N3O7*C6H8N2 |
| —— | (4-hydroxy-phenylazo)-[1,3,4]thiadiazole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester | 99845-53-1 | C11H10N4O3S |
| —— | 2-bromo-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3aH-pentalen-1-one | 1104634-60-7 | C14H12BrClO2 |
| —— | 2-Hydroxy-1,4,5,5,8,8-hexamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalin | 22825-17-8 | C16H24O |
| —— | 3-((1S,2R,3R,4R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylmethyl)-phenol | 127898-35-5 | C14H18O3 |
| —— | 6-(tert-Butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)-3-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-phenol | 191678-01-0 | C28H34O3Si |
| —— | Octanedioic acid bis-(4-hydroxy-3-nitro-benzyl) ester | 42413-22-9 | C22H24N2O10 |
| —— | 2,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrobromide | 1448024-24-5 | BrH*C16H19NO4 |
| —— | 5,6-dimethyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)benzo[d]isoxazole-4,7-diol | 1449421-93-5 | C18H19NO6 |
| —— | 4-bromo-2-[(2-hydroxypropylimino)methyl]phenol | 714962-74-0 | C10H12BrNO2 |
| —— | methyl 2-((1-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)propan-2-yl)amino)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioate | 1173198-84-9 | C17H21BrN2OS2 |
| —— | 5-methoxy-2-(1-phenyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-4,5-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-3-yl)-phenol | 51487-15-1 | C21H19N3O2 |
| —— | (3-Bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-hydroxy-acetonitrile | 54246-11-6 | C9H8BrNO3 |
| —— | 3-Methyl-4-hydroxy-1,3'-azo-1',2',4'-triazol | 42379-17-9 | C9H9N5O |
| —— | 2-({(E)-4-[5-Methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazol-4-yl]-phenylimino}-methyl)-4-nitro-phenol | 54883-17-9 | C26H23N3O6S |
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