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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— (E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)picolinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)picolinohydrazide
—— (E)-4-methoxy-2-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol —— C14H13NO2
(E)-4-methoxy-2-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol
—— (E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide —— C22H17N3O3S
(E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide
—— 4-hydroxy-N’-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide —— C15H14N2O4
4-hydroxy-N’-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide
—— (E)-N’-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N’-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide
—— 2-(5'-methoxy-(2'-hydroxyphenyl))oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine —— C13H10N2O3
2-(5'-methoxy-(2'-hydroxyphenyl))oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine
—— 5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione —— C12H10N2O4S
5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione
—— (E)-N-ethyl-2-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide 189288-64-0 C11H15N3O2S
(E)-N-ethyl-2-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide
—— 2-butyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophen-5-ol —— C13H18OSe
2-butyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophen-5-ol
—— propyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate —— C11H14O4
propyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate
—— 5-(2,5-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one —— C10H8N2O3S
5-(2,5-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 4-nitro-2-propylphenol —— C9H11NO3
4-nitro-2-propylphenol
—— [(2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)methyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester —— C18H22NO6P
[(2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)methyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester
—— 2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid ethyl ester —— C17H17NO5
2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid ethyl ester
—— 2-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)benzene-1,4-diol —— C13H14N2O2
2-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)benzene-1,4-diol
—— 2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid methyl ester —— C16H15NO5
2-hydroxy-5-{N-[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}phenylacetic acid methyl ester
—— 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one —— C19H20ClNO3
1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
—— 2,2'-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(benzene-1,4-diol) —— C20H20N2O4
2,2'-(((pyridin-4-ylmethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(benzene-1,4-diol)
—— 2-ethoxy-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde —— C9H10O3
2-ethoxy-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde
—— 5-hydroxy-2-(o-tolyl)-1,3-benzoxazole-4-carbaldehyde —— C15H11NO3
5-hydroxy-2-(o-tolyl)-1,3-benzoxazole-4-carbaldehyde
—— 3-methyl-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene-isoxazole-5(4H)-one —— C11H9NO4
3-methyl-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene-isoxazole-5(4H)-one
—— 3-(5-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-4-chlorophenol —— C10H8ClN3O
3-(5-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-4-chlorophenol
—— 3-[cyclopropyl(hydroxyl)methyl]-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)phenol —— C15H17NO3
3-[cyclopropyl(hydroxyl)methyl]-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)phenol
—— (Z)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one —— C17H20O5
(Z)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one
—— (E)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one —— C17H20O5
(E)-(1S,14R,15S,17R)-5,17-dihydroxy-14-methyl-2,16-dioxatricyclo[13.2.1.0<sup>0,0</sup>]octadeca-4,6,8,11-tetraen-3-one
—— (C6H5)2Sn(C6H4-o-OH)2 —— C24H20O2Sn
(C6H5)2Sn(C6H4-o-OH)2
—— 2-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)phenol —— C10H12O2
2-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)phenol
—— 2-(3-dimethylamino-prop-1-ynyl)-phenol —— C11H13NO
2-(3-dimethylamino-prop-1-ynyl)-phenol
—— α-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol —— C12H11NO2
α-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol
—— 2-bromo-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol —— C12H16BBrO3
2-bromo-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol
—— 2-(thiazol-4-yl)phenol —— C9H7NOS
2-(thiazol-4-yl)phenol
—— 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide) —— C15H14N2O4
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid-(4-hydroxy-benzylidenehydrazide)
—— 1-amino-1,2-dicyano-2-(4'-hydroxybenzilidenamine)ethene —— C11H8N4O
1-amino-1,2-dicyano-2-(4'-hydroxybenzilidenamine)ethene
—— 2-amino-3-cyano-7,7-dimethyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-1-benzopyran —— C18H18N2O3
2-amino-3-cyano-7,7-dimethyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-1-benzopyran
—— 4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-2-yl)-phenol —— C16H20O3
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-2-yl)-phenol
—— 4-((5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol —— C15H16N4O3
4-((5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol
—— 2-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-9-oxo-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazine-1-carboxaldehyde —— C15H12ClNO5
2-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-9-oxo-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazine-1-carboxaldehyde
—— 2-Chloro-1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-6,8-dihydroxy-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazin-9-one —— C17H19ClN2O4
2-Chloro-1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-6,8-dihydroxy-7-propyl-9H-pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazin-9-one
—— 4-(2-hydroxy-3-((3-methoxyphenyl)amino)propyl)-2-methoxyphenol —— C17H21NO4
4-(2-hydroxy-3-((3-methoxyphenyl)amino)propyl)-2-methoxyphenol
—— (E)-2-(((3-methoxyphenyl)imino)methyl)-4-nitrophenol —— C14H12N2O4
(E)-2-(((3-methoxyphenyl)imino)methyl)-4-nitrophenol
—— 5-methylamino-2,4-dinitro-phenol —— C7H7N3O5
5-methylamino-2,4-dinitro-phenol
—— 7-(furan-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2]-oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C11H9BO4
7-(furan-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2]-oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-chloro-4-fluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H5BClFO3
7-chloro-4-fluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H6BClO3
4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 4,7-dichlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H5BCl2O3
4,7-dichlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-phenylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C13H11BO3
7-phenylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-ethylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C9H11BO3
7-ethylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C8H6BF3O3
7-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-fluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C7H6BFO3
7-fluorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol
—— 7-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol —— C9H8BF3O3
7-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole-1,6(3H)-diol