酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | N'-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetohydrazide | 904038-11-5 | C17H14N4O4 |
| —— | 2-[(Z)-Hydroxyimino]-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester | 155697-05-5 | C11H13NO5 |
| —— | 6,6'-((((1-ethoxy-3-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol) | 1448853-85-7 | C26H40N2O7Si2 |
| —— | 4-Ethoxy-2,6-bis(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenol;hydrobromide | 6314-82-5 | C18H29BrN2O4 |
| —— | [14C-methyl]-p-cresol | 71086-31-2 | C7H8O |
| —— | {Co(di-2-pyridylamine)2(CH3)2}ClO4 | 105763-90-4 | C22H24CoN6*ClO4 |
| —— | 2-Iodo-4-methanesulfonyl-6-nitro-phenol | 20951-27-3 | C7H6INO5S |
| —— | 3-hydroxy-2-iodo-5-methoxyphenyl N-piperidylcarbamate | 140410-33-9 | C13H16INO4 |
| —— | 3-chloro-4-(4,5-dihydro-2-oxazoyl)phenol hydrochloride | 98033-81-9 | C9H8ClNO2*ClH |
| —— | 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3aH-pentalen-1-one | 1104633-62-6 | C15H16O2 |
| —— | {2,6-di{bis-2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl}amino-p-cresol | 127424-46-8 | C35H50N10O |
| —— | 145755-63-1 | C28H26Cl2CuN6O6 | |
| —— | N,N'-disalicylidene-2-methyl-4-ethylthio-1,2-butanediamine | 105170-14-7 | C21H26N2O2S |
| —— | 2-Methoxy-6-[[(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)amino]methyl]phenol | 384847-24-9 | C16H17N3O2 |
| —— | 5-Methoxy-2-[[(1-prop-2-enylbenzimidazol-2-yl)amino]methyl]phenol | 663217-34-3 | C18H19N3O2 |
| —— | 1-isopropyl-1-phenyl-N-(p-tolyl)-l4-sulfanimine compound with picric acid (1:1) | 103375-76-4 | C6H3N3O7*C16H19NS |
| —— | 5,5'-selenobis(2-(benzylideneamino)phenol) | 1246255-20-8 | C26H20N2O2Se |
| —— | (E)-diethyl α-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-β-[N-(pyrazinyl)-amino]-vinylphosphonate | 407583-20-4 | C18H24N3O5P |
| —— | 6-hydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-9-(5-methyl-4-<i>p</i>-tolyl-thiazol-2-yl)-carbazole-1,4-dione | 67898-94-6 | C25H20N2O5S |
| —— | 4,6-bis(2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyliminomethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene | 1175540-66-5 | C21H36N4O6 |
| —— | 75620-98-3 | C24H41NO2 | |
| —— | 2-methyl-4-selenocyanatophenol | 1242061-92-2 | C8H7NOSe |
| —— | 3-(4-hydroxy-2-n-butylphenylethynyl)-2-methylcyclohex-2-enone | 1155202-96-2 | C19H22O2 |
| —— | 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol) | 1185760-97-7 | C16H16N2O4 |
| —— | 2-Propanone, 1-chloro-3-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)- | 1806328-18-6 | C9H8Cl2O2 |
| —— | 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)phenol | 1469268-23-2 | C8H5F3N2O |
| —— | cis-4-t-butylcyclohexyl (S)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 1193988-21-4 | C24H36N2O5 |
| —— | 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-phenylimino)-5-methyl-thiazolidin-4-one | 61333-99-1 | C16H14N2O3S |
| —— | 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-benzo[<i>d</i>][1,3]thiazine-4-thione | 53601-41-5 | C15H17NO2S2 |
| —— | 4-chloro-6-(1,3-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol | 1357359-22-8 | C12H7ClN2O2S |
| —— | ethyl (R)-2-methyl-4-(2,2',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)butanoate | 1443651-22-6 | C19H22O6 |
| —— | p,p'-bis(α-cyano(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylhydrazinocarbonylmethoxy)diphenyl sulphone | 125237-19-6 | C34H32N6O10S |
| —— | 3-methylsalicylanil | 86010-97-1 | C14H13NO |
| —— | 3,4-Dichloro-6-[2-(2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethylphenyl)hydrazinylidene]cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one | 89648-38-4 | C15H14Cl2N2O2 |
| —— | 4-Chloro-6-({[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}methylidene)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one | 89985-55-7 | C15H14ClNO2 |
| —— | 5,5'-bis-(4-hydroxy-benzylidene)-2,2'-dithioxo-3,3'-ethanediyl-bis-thiazolidin-4-one | 71467-35-1 | C22H16N2O4S4 |
| —— | 4-Bromo-2-(1-hydroxy-hept-6-enyl)-6-methoxy-phenol | 371195-73-2 | C14H19BrO3 |
| —— | 2-Bromo-4-hydroxybenzenepropanol | 666747-05-3 | C9H11BrO2 |
| —— | 4-{2-[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]hydrazinyl}cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione | 54315-96-7 | C10H9N3O3S |
| —— | 4-sec-Heptyl-p-kresol | 54612-54-3 | C14H22O |
| —— | 4-[2-(Methyl-pentyl-amino)-ethyl]-benzene-1,2-diol | 76079-50-0 | C14H23NO2 |
| —— | Cyclo-3-nitro-L-tyrosyl-L-proline | 125034-08-4 | C14H15N3O5 |
| —— | 4-{4,6-bis[4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)phenyl]-s-triazin-2-yl}-1,3-dihydroxybenzene | 164352-19-6 | C37H47N3O4 |
| —— | Caesium-<4-nitro-phenolat> | 1124-30-7 | C6H4NO3*Cs |
| —— | 687610-92-0 | C28H26CuN6O10S | |
| —— | 5-[1-(2,5-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene]-3-ethyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one | 103647-43-4 | C12H11NO3S2 |
| —— | 2-butyloxypropoxyphenol | 109233-57-0 | C13H20O3 |
| —— | diethyl (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)aminomethylenemalonate | 1079893-01-8 | C15H19NO5 |
| —— | 4-(4-hydroxy-benzylidene)-5-(4-hydroxy-benzylideneamino)-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one | 67780-60-3 | C23H17N3O3 |
| —— | 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde 4-furfuryl-thiosemicarbazone | 26959-95-5 | C13H13N3O2S |
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