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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 3-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)phenyl-ethyl(methyl)carbamate —— C19H22N2O6
3-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)phenyl-ethyl(methyl)carbamate
—— 1-[3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanone —— C17H16N2O3
1-[3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanone
—— 3-(3-{[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-ethyl]-methyl-amino}-propyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one —— C24H30N2O7S
3-(3-{[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-ethyl]-methyl-amino}-propyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 2-<i>tert</i>-Butylaminomethyl-4-nitro-phenol —— C11H16N2O3
2-<i>tert</i>-Butylaminomethyl-4-nitro-phenol
—— N-(2,3-dihydroxyphenethyl)methanesulfonamide —— C9H13NO4S
N-(2,3-dihydroxyphenethyl)methanesulfonamide
—— (E)-2-[(3-methyl)-3-pentenyl]phenol —— C12H16O
(E)-2-[(3-methyl)-3-pentenyl]phenol
—— methyl 2-(4-bromo-3-hydroxyphenyl)acetate 936758-53-1 C9H9BrO3
methyl 2-(4-bromo-3-hydroxyphenyl)acetate
—— (Z)-3-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)indolin-2-one —— C20H16N2O3
(Z)-3-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)indolin-2-one
—— phenol-nonene —— C15H22O
phenol-nonene
—— 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutanal —— C11H14O2
4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutanal
—— 3-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(N-octanoylamino)isoxazole —— C24H27ClN2O5
3-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(N-octanoylamino)isoxazole
—— (Z)-5-(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione —— C10H6ClNO3S
(Z)-5-(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
—— 2,2-difluoro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-triethylsilylbut-3-yn-1-ol —— C16H22F2O2Si
2,2-difluoro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-triethylsilylbut-3-yn-1-ol
—— N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,10-decanediamine —— C24H32N2O2
N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,10-decanediamine
—— 3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol —— C9H12O3
3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol
—— 3-methoxy-4-[(1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propene-1-yl)oxy]phenol —— C13H18O3
3-methoxy-4-[(1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propene-1-yl)oxy]phenol
—— 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nirtobenzyloxy)ethanol —— C9H11NO5
2-(2-hydroxy-5-nirtobenzyloxy)ethanol
—— tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)germane —— C24H20GeO3
tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)germane
—— rac-lehmbachol D —— C26H26O8
rac-lehmbachol D
—— 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-N-(p-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide —— C20H21N3O4
4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-N-(p-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide
—— 1-(3-hydroxy-6-bromophenyl)-2-nitro-ethanol —— C8H8BrNO4
1-(3-hydroxy-6-bromophenyl)-2-nitro-ethanol
—— 2-(((3-ethynylphenyl)amino)methyl)-5-nitrophenol —— C15H12N2O3
2-(((3-ethynylphenyl)amino)methyl)-5-nitrophenol
—— 4-butyl-2-iodo-phenol —— C10H13IO
4-butyl-2-iodo-phenol
—— 3-Hydroxynitrostyrene —— C8H7NO3
3-Hydroxynitrostyrene
—— 1,2-bis(10,16,22-tri-tert-butyl-24,25,26-trihydroxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentahomo-3-thia-6-azatetracyclo<18.3.1.1<sup>8,12</sup>.1<sup>14,18</sup>>hexacosane-1(24),8,10,12(25),14,16,18(26),20,22-nonene)ethane —— C74H100N2O6S2
1,2-bis(10,16,22-tri-tert-butyl-24,25,26-trihydroxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentahomo-3-thia-6-azatetracyclo<18.3.1.1<sup>8,12</sup>.1<sup>14,18</sup>>hexacosane-1(24),8,10,12(25),14,16,18(26),20,22-nonene)ethane
—— N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide —— C14H11N3O6
N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide
—— 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,5,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)propan-1-one —— C21H25ClO3S
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,5,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[c]thiophen-1-yl)propan-1-one
—— (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester —— C13H18O3S
(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester
—— 5-phenyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione —— C14H10N2O2S
5-phenyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione
—— 2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile —— C17H16N2O4
2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile
—— 4-(1-Hydroxy-butyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol —— C12H18O4
4-(1-Hydroxy-butyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol
—— N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzyl)-12-oxooctadec-(9E)-enamide —— C26H41NO4
N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzyl)-12-oxooctadec-(9E)-enamide
—— (E)-4-tert-butyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)phenol —— C18H21NO3
(E)-4-tert-butyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)phenol
—— (Z)-5-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-ylmethylene]-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one —— C20H17N3O2S2
(Z)-5-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-ylmethylene]-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one
—— 4-chloro-6-(1-methyl-heptyl)-resorcinol —— C14H21ClO2
4-chloro-6-(1-methyl-heptyl)-resorcinol
—— 2,3,6-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde —— C8H8O5
2,3,6-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde
—— diethylammonium ethyl [1-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phosphonate —— C4H11N*C10H15O5P
diethylammonium ethyl [1-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phosphonate
—— isopropyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetate —— C12H16O4
isopropyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetate
—— 2,2'-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(3-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one) —— C20H22O6
2,2'-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(3-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one)
—— 2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl decanoate —— C20H31NO5
2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl decanoate
—— 1,5-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pentan-3-one —— C17H18O3
1,5-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pentan-3-one
—— 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol —— C9H9F3O2
2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol
—— 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylguanidine —— C8H11N3O
1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylguanidine
—— N-(4,5-dihydro-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide —— C16H15N3O2S
N-(4,5-dihydro-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide
—— 4-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitrophenol —— C7H6BrNO3
4-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitrophenol
—— 4-{[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H15NO3
4-{[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-benzene-1,2-diol
—— 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyll)acetic acid methyl ester —— C10H12O5
2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyll)acetic acid methyl ester
—— (-)-2S,4S,5R-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine —— C17H19NO2
(-)-2S,4S,5R-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine
—— (+)-2S,4S,5S-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine —— C17H19NO2
(+)-2S,4S,5S-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine
—— 1,4-bis-[5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]butane —— C20H18N4O4S2
1,4-bis-[5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]butane