酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | N'-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-N-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)methanimidamide | 1323158-82-2 | C12H14N2O |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene (5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)hydrazine | 931383-89-0 | C16H14N4O2S |
| —— | (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione O,O-dimethyl dioxime | 1010805-66-9 | C23H26N2O6 |
| —— | 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-([1,2,4]triazol-1-ylaminomethyl)-phenol | 131141-06-5 | C11H14N4O3 |
| —— | 3-[Tert-butyl(diphenyl)silyl]oxy-5-ethenyl-4-methoxyphenol | 1286210-10-3 | C25H28O3Si |
| —— | 4-fluoro-2-iodo-6-methylphenol | 1228093-53-5 | C7H6FIO |
| —— | 2-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-5-methylphenol | 1357083-07-8 | C9H8N2O2S |
| —— | 4-Hydroxy-1,2-benzoxathiin-3-carbaldoxim-2,2-dioxid | 118733-61-2 | C9H7NO5S |
| —— | (E)-6-(2-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-phenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-hex-4-enoic acid ethyl ester | 871732-27-3 | C17H24O4 |
| —— | 2-[(Z)-tert-Butylimino-methyl]-6-methoxy-phenol | 65514-20-7 | C12H17NO2 |
| —— | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile | 1235036-00-6 | C11H7N3O |
| —— | 3,5-dichloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)butyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide;hydrochloride | 102805-78-7 | C16H24Cl2N2O3*ClH |
| —— | 32844-97-6 | C2H3N*C11H15NO*Cl5Nb | |
| —— | 1-(5-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-amino-ethanol | 117342-27-5 | C10H15NO3 |
| —— | Vanillin (5-14C) | 56795-13-2 | C8H8O3 |
| —— | 4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2-(cyclohexyloxy)acetyl)-6-ethyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one | 1224683-77-5 | C20H25ClN2O4 |
| —— | 9,10-seco-Δ<sup>1.3.5.(10)</sup>-Androstatrien-3,9α-diol-17-on | 2484-32-4 | C19H26O3 |
| —— | 3-((3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)-2,4-dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenol | 79614-99-6 | C13H5ClF6N4O5 |
| —— | 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde oxime | 1360604-82-5 | C20H20N2O3S |
| —— | 4-{[(E)-4-Hydroxy-cyclohexylimino]-methyl}-phenol | 248585-34-4 | C13H17NO2 |
| —— | α-(5-o-nitrophenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-amino)-(5-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile | 83530-83-0 | C17H12BrN5O4S |
| —— | 90316-98-6 | C28H30CuN2O6*O4S | |
| —— | 4,5-bis(benzyloxy)-2-bromophenol | 1402158-32-0 | C20H17BrO3 |
| —— | 4-(3-octynyl)phenol | 347148-73-6 | C14H18O |
| —— | methanesulfonic acid-(2-bromo-4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitro-phenyl ester) | 98556-12-8 | C7H5BrN2O8S |
| —— | tert-Butyl N-[(2R)-2-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamate | 643094-01-3 | C20H25ClN2O4 |
| —— | 4-(1-hydroxy-2-nitroethyl)-2-methoxyphenol | 146857-51-4 | C9H11NO5 |
| —— | 6-O-Cyclohexylstreptovaricinon C | 58850-11-6 | C43H57NO13 |
| —— | (E)-2-Ethyl-6-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-hex-4-enoic acid methyl ester | 871732-23-9 | C17H24O4 |
| —— | 3.5-Dimethyl-4-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)-phenol | 6617-72-7 | C12H17NO |
| —— | EG-Ad-Cl-phenol EE | 1242440-41-0 | C20H25ClO4 |
| —— | p-hydroxyphenyltellurium tribromide | 78823-96-8 | C6H5Br3OTe |
| —— | (Z)-2-[2-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)imino]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3(2H)-yl]phenol | 1000171-54-9 | C16H14N2O2S |
| —— | cyclohexylmethyl 4-(3-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate | 1224683-37-7 | C20H25FN2O5 |
| —— | (Selenienyl-3'')-1-(hydroxy-3'-selenienyl-2')-3-propen-2-on-1 | 51514-67-1 | C11H8O2Se2 |
| —— | 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)-4-fluorophenol | 1268833-75-5 | C10H10FNO2 |
| —— | 4-Hydroxy-α<sup>1</sup>-((α-methyl-p-ethoxyphenoxyethyl)-amino)-methyl)-m-xylol-α<sup>1</sup>,α<sup>3</sup>-diol | 24099-14-7 | C20H27NO5 |
| —— | (2-Hydroxy-5-nitrophenylthio)-methylendiphosphonsaeure | 66299-96-5 | C7H9NO9P2S |
| —— | 3-Ethyl-5-phenyl-4-<2-hydroxy-phenyl>-isoxazol | 1031-80-7 | C17H15NO2 |
| —— | 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl}-5-decyloxypyrimidine | 110203-06-0 | C20H28N2O2 |
| —— | 4-(3-amino-6-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)benzonitrile | 1321515-10-9 | C17H12ClN5O2 |
| —— | 5-((4-methylpiperazin-1-ylimino)methyl)benzene-1,2,4-triol | 1267970-71-7 | C12H17N3O3 |
| —— | 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-phenyl-5-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)isoxazole | 1373499-82-1 | C21H13ClFNO2 |
| —— | (R)-5,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthiomethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline | 1420379-73-2 | C13H17NO2S |
| —— | Leucodrin-noraldehyd-gem-diol | 55018-70-7 | C14H14O8 |
| —— | 2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-benzaldehyde hydrazone | 72878-62-7 | C7H6I2N2O |
| —— | 10-endo-amino-9-endo-hydroxy-1-(m-hydroxyphenyl)bicyclo<4.3.1>decane | 75210-00-3 | C16H23NO2 |
| —— | 3(3,5-Dibrom-2-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-propan-1-ol | 4936-86-1 | C10H11Br2NO2 |
| —— | 2,4-Di-(2-octyl)phenol | 10258-58-9 | C22H38O |
| —— | 3-(p-chlorobenzyl)-4-(p-hydroxy-m-methoxybenzylidenamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one | 1329121-03-0 | C17H15ClN4O3 |
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