酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonyl-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran | —— | C21H25NO6 |
|
| —— | (E)-2-methoxy-5-(2-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)vinyl)phenol | —— | C18H20O7S |
|
| —— | ((1E,1'E)-(2-oxocyclopentane-1,3-diylidene)bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene) diacetate | —— | C21H20O5 |
|
| —— | 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone | —— | C13H14O3 |
|
| —— | 2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile | —— | C19H20N2O4 |
|
| —— | 4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)-3-methylisoxazol-5(4H)-one | —— | C12H11NO4 |
|
| —— | 2-bromo-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde-oxime | —— | C8H8BrNO3 |
|
| —— | N-(phenylethyl)-N-(2-bromo-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)amine | —— | C16H18BrNO2 |
|
| —— | 3-acetyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-[3-(6-methylpyridinyl)]-2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]-oxadiazole | —— | C16H15N3O4 |
|
| —— | (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-13-methyl-tetradecanamine | —— | C21H37NO2 |
|
| —— | 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propyl-1-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] | —— | C20H30O12 |
|
| —— | trans-4-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-6-(2'-hydroxy-4'-bromo-5'-methoxyphenyl)methyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | —— | C19H25BrO4 |
|
| —— | 1-[5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl]propan-1-one | —— | C13H15BrN2O2 |
|
| —— | 1-[5-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl]propan-1-one | —— | C13H14Br2N2O2 |
|
| —— | (R)-terbutaline | —— | C12H19NO3 |
|
| —— | [(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl]phosphonic acid dimethyl ester | —— | C16H20NO5P |
|
| —— | 4-(1-cyclohexenyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl)phenol | 1346600-38-1 | C16H23NO |
|
| —— | 1-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-2-(dimethylamino)propane | —— | C13H21NO3 |
|
| —— | threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-2-<2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenoxy>propane | —— | C21H26O5 |
|
| —— | 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,2-diol-monoformate | —— | C11H14O5 |
|
| —— | 3-nitrophenyl N-(5-nitro-2-hydroxybenzyl)carbamate | —— | C15H13N3O7 |
|
| —— | 3-nitrophenyl N-(4-nitro-2-hydroxybenzyl)carbamate | —— | C15H13N3O7 |
|
| —— | 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-octa-tert-butyl-50,51,53,54,55,56-hexahydroxy-49,52-[4-methoxypyridine-2,6-diylbis(methyleneoxy)]calix[8]arene | —— | C96H119NO9 |
|
| —— | 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-octa-tert-butyl-50,51,52,54,55,56-hexahydroxy-49,53-[4-methoxypyridine-2,6-diylbis(methyleneoxy)]calix[8]arene | —— | C96H119NO9 |
|
| —— | p-tert-butylcalix<11>arene | —— | C121H154O11 |
|
| —— | p-tert-butylcalix<10>arene | —— | C110H140O10 |
|
| —— | 1-(3'-hydroxybenzyl)-3-amino-2-pyrazoline hydrochloride | —— | C10H13N3O*ClH |
|
| —— | 4-[2-(4-formylphenoxy)ethyl]phenyl N-(tert-butyl)carbamate | —— | C20H23NO4 |
|
| —— | N-[2-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl]-N'-[2-bromophenyl] urea | —— | C13H10BrN3O4 |
|
| —— | benzyl 4‑(2‑hydroxy‑3‑methoxyphenyl)‑6‑methyl‑2‑oxo‑3,4‑dihydropyrimidine‑5‑carboxylate | —— | C20H20N2O5 |
|
| —— | ethyl 4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate | —— | C16H20N2O6 |
|
| —— | 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxoN-(o-tolyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide | —— | C20H21N3O4 |
|
| —— | 5-acetyl-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one | —— | C14H16N2O4 |
|
| —— | ethyl 6-methyl-4-(4-methoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one-5-carboxylate | —— | C15H18N2O5 |
|
| —— | 3-(methylthio)-2-nitrophenol | —— | C7H7NO3S |
|
| —— | 2-ethyl-3-nitrophenol | —— | C8H9NO3 |
|
| —— | (R)-4-hydroxyphenylglycinol hydrochloride | —— | C8H11NO2*ClH |
|
| —— | 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2-chlorophenol | —— | C10H8ClF3O4 |
|
| —— | 2-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid | —— | C9H9FO4 |
|
| —— | 4-(5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-2-yl)-phenol | —— | C10H11NOS |
|
| —— | 4-(2-isothiocyanato-1-methylethyl)phenol | —— | C10H11NOS |
|
| —— | 3-methyl-4-(5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-2-yl)-phenol | —— | C11H13NOS |
|
| —— | 4-(5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-2-yl)-resorcinol | —— | C10H11NO2S |
|
| —— | 3,3'-(3,3-dimethoxypentane-1,5-diyl)bis(4-methylphenol) | —— | C21H28O4 |
|
| —— | 1,5-bis(5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentan-3-one | —— | C19H22O3 |
|
| —— | 3-allyl-2-(m-hydroxyphenylimino)-4-phenyl-3H-thiazole | —— | C18H16N2OS |
|
| —— | 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-2,3-dimethylbutyl ether | —— | C12H14Cl4O2 |
|
| —— | 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(cyclohex-2'-en-1'-yloxy)phenol | —— | C12H10Cl4O2 |
|
| —— | 2-(amino(cyclohexyl)methyl)phenol | —— | C13H19NO |
|
| —— | 2-(4-hydroxyheptan-4-yl)phenol | —— | C13H20O2 |
|
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