酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-[bis(ethoxyethyl)phosphino]phenol | 668430-14-6 | C14H23O3P |
| —— | 4-(benzyloxy)-7-(5-ethynyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxohept-5-ynal | 1578203-49-2 | C23H20O5 |
| —— | N-Phenyl-N'-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-α-amino)benzylhydrazine | 81323-36-6 | C14H17N3O2 |
| —— | 3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl n-hexanoate | 951221-85-5 | C16H24O4 |
| —— | 4-[5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-2-methylphenol | 934736-15-9 | C19H22N2O4 |
| —— | 19928-49-5 | C21H30N2O2 | |
| —— | 1431664-20-8 | C13H16INO2 | |
| —— | 4-Amino-5-methoxy-2-tert.butylphenol | 36150-68-2 | C11H17NO2 |
| —— | 2-[(E)-{[(2-piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]imino}methyl]phenol | 1373875-58-1 | C13H19N3O |
| —— | 723242-45-3 | C12H17NO2 | |
| —— | (5Z)-5-[(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methylidene]-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-one | 1181081-34-4 | C16H18N2O2S |
| —— | 3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-thiazolidin-4-one | 67868-07-9 | C18H18BrNO2S |
| —— | 3-ethyl-5-(5-hydroxy-2-iodo-benzylidene)-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one | 91426-81-2 | C12H10INO2S2 |
| —— | N-(5-bromo-3-methylsalicylidene)-2-[bis(5-methyl-2-furyl)methyl]aniline | 1000415-02-0 | C25H22BrNO3 |
| —— | [(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-methyl]-carbamic acid methyl ester | 41368-77-8 | C17H19NO6S |
| —— | 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenethyl dimethylcarbamate monohydrochloride | 51765-29-8 | C17H29ClN2O4 |
| —— | 4-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one | 912755-88-5 | C11H13NO3 |
| —— | 3-hydroxy-benzaldehyde <i>O</i>-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-oxime | 46921-14-6 | C13H18N2O3 |
| —— | Hexyl-(3,6-dichlor-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-sulfid | 104912-00-7 | C12H16Cl2OS |
| —— | 4-Benzyloxy-2-chloro-6-mercapto-phenol | 474527-01-0 | C13H11ClO2S |
| —— | 3,3'-diamino-5,5'-dichloro-bibenzyl-2,2'-diol | 100869-56-5 | C14H14Cl2N2O2 |
| —— | 2-Methoxy-4-[(4-phenyl-5-phenylazo-selenazol-2-yl)-hydrazonomethyl]-phenol | 109054-29-7 | C23H19N5O2Se |
| —— | 4-(4-Bromo-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-5,6-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-2H-[1,2,4]triazin-3-one | 113922-44-4 | C11H12BrN3O2 |
| —— | 2-[3-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-propenyl]-1,3-dioxane | 197961-67-4 | C14H18O4 |
| —— | 4-methyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-6-(trimethylsilyl)phenol | 1245635-41-9 | C16H27BO3Si |
| —— | 3-benzyl-2-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenylimino)-1,1-dioxo-1λ<sup>6</sup>-thiazolidin-4-one | 69583-35-3 | C17H16N2O4S |
| —— | 4-Bromo-2-[1-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-hex-5-enyl]-6-methoxy-phenol | 371195-78-7 | C19H31BrO3Si |
| —— | Acetic acid 2-(6-amino-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethyl ester | 207915-92-2 | C13H19NO4 |
| —— | 5,11,17,23-Tetrabromo-2,8,14,20-tetra(nonyl)pentacyclo[19.3.1.13,7.19,13.115,19]octacosa-1(25),3(28),4,6,9(27),10,12,15,17,19(26),21,23-dodecaene-4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octol | 393510-87-7 | C64H92Br4O8 |
| —— | 5,13,20-tri-tert-butyl-8,16,23-trihydroxy<2.2.1>metacyclophane | 130319-45-8 | C35H46O3 |
| —— | 5,5'-[(4R,5R)-1,2,3-trimethylimidazolidine-4,5-diyl]dibenzene-1,2-diol | 850255-05-9 | C18H22N2O4 |
| —— | N-[5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-benzamidine | 70038-89-0 | C15H12N4OS |
| —— | (E)-N'-((E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)allylidene)isonicotinohydrazide | 1239347-08-0 | C16H15N3O3 |
| —— | 56562-17-5 | C16H15N3O4 | |
| —— | 1323355-73-2 | C16H18NO2 | |
| —— | 4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenol | 1076690-74-8 | C10H12N2O |
| —— | 3-Brom-4-salicylaldehyd-anilin | 98023-22-4 | C13H10BrNO |
| —— | (2Z,5Z)-2-{[4-(adamantan-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]imino}-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one | 1208255-10-0 | C25H27N3O4S2 |
| —— | Coniferylalkohol-13C-γ | 63057-69-2 | C10H12O3 |
| —— | 2-HO-3-Br-5-O2NC6H3CHNCH2CH2CH2NCHC6H3-2-OH-3-Br-5-NO2 | 251662-23-4 | C17H14Br2N4O6 |
| —— | (3-Chloro-6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid ethyl ester | 67275-17-6 | C12H16ClNO3 |
| —— | 1-p-tolyl sulphonyl-3-(2''-hydroxy-3''-bromo-4''-n-butoxy-5''-nitrophen-1''-yl)-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl)pyrazoline | 132559-30-9 | C27H28BrN3O7S |
| —— | Bis<3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenoxy)propyl>amin-hydrochlorid | 129917-36-8 | C18H23NO6*ClH |
| —— | N-[1-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzamide | 1797206-91-7 | C12H10F2N4O4 |
| —— | 2-{[1-(3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile | 69438-02-4 | C16H13ClN2OS |
| —— | 5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-3-one | 63678-02-4 | C12H14O3 |
| —— | 132395-44-9 | C11H13ClN2O2 | |
| —— | Picric acid; compound with (5-methyl-furan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amine | 95124-34-8 | C6H3N3O7*C12H13NO |
| —— | 1,2,5,6-tetraidro-4-(o-idrossifenil)-3-cianopiridin-2,6-dione | 73550-52-4 | C12H8N2O3 |
| —— | 5-[[2-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-5-prop-2-enylphenyl)-3-prop-2-enylphenyl]methylidene]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione | 1187954-33-1 | C22H19NO4S |
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