酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl ethoxy)-cyclohexylammonium maleate | 1360728-96-6 | C4H4O4*C16H25NO3 |
| —— | 5t(?)-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-penta-2t,4-dienoic acid | 100519-24-2 | C12H12O4 |
| —— | 4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-5-(2-(4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohexyl)acetyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one | 1224684-05-2 | C23H29ClN2O3 |
| —— | 2-bromo-4-(((2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol | 1253124-46-7 | C14H10Br2FNO2 |
| —— | 5-phenyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylamine; picrate | 78968-39-5 | C6H3N3O7*C8H7N3S |
| —— | 3,6-dichloro-5-methyl-benzene-1,2,4-triol | 861784-54-5 | C7H6Cl2O3 |
| —— | psammaplin B | 133991-67-0 | C12H12BrN3O3S |
| —— | 1313759-07-7 | C16H20N4O | |
| —— | 56855-75-5 | C18H18O4 | |
| —— | 2-(25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-5-pentacyclo[19.3.1.13,7.19,13.115,19]octacosa-1(24),3,5,7(28),9,11,13(27),15(26),16,18,21(25),22-dodecaenyl)acetic acid | 185628-43-7 | C30H26O6 |
| —— | N-[2-(3-Benzyloxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-(2-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetamide | 56952-06-8 | C24H24BrNO4 |
| —— | 1-(5-Nitrosalicyliden)-4-allyl-thiosemicarbazon | 41377-29-1 | C11H12N4O3S |
| —— | 2-Chloro-N-(3-chloro-6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-acetamide | 51570-94-6 | C11H13Cl2NO4 |
| —— | hydroxy-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester | 860755-25-5 | C15H20O8 |
| —— | 4-methoxy-2-(2-nitro-benzenesulfonyl)-phenol | 133826-82-1 | C13H11NO6S |
| —— | (2S,4R,6S)-2-(4''-chlorophenethyl)-6-(3''',4'''-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl-3''''-(4'''''-methoxyphenyl)propyl carbonate | 1440432-04-1 | C30H33ClO7 |
| —— | 1,3-Benzenediol, 4-(1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl- | 1824320-97-9 | C9H13NO3 |
| —— | JC048 | 1258064-06-0 | C19H31NO3 |
| —— | N,N'-bis(o-vanillin)-4,5-dichloro-1,2-phenylenediamine | 1312014-53-1 | C22H18Cl2N2O4 |
| —— | (1S,3R,3aR,4R,5R,6R,7aS)-4-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-7-methylene-1-(vinyl)octahydroindene-5,6-diol | 653573-92-3 | C26H40O5Si |
| —— | 2-bromomethyl-4-nitro-5-pentadecylphenol | 1070883-65-6 | C22H36BrNO3 |
| —— | cyclohexylmethyl 6-ethyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate | 1224682-69-2 | C21H28N2O5 |
| —— | (4S,5S)-4,5-dihydro-4,5-diphenyl-2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butylphenyl)-oxazoline | 340131-68-2 | C25H25NO2 |
| —— | 5-{[1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene]-amino}-pentane-1,2,3,4-tetraol | 73208-45-4 | C12H17NO7 |
| —— | 4-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)phenol | 138212-11-0 | C7H5Cl3O |
| —— | 2,6-dibromo-3,5-dimethyl-4-nitro-phenol | 736074-26-3 | C8H7Br2NO3 |
| —— | Nnp-Nph | 1092807-77-6 | C18H18N4O6 |
| —— | N-Methyl-2-[1-(6-oxocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ylidene)ethyl]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide | 1416446-10-0 | C10H13N3OS |
| —— | 5-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-hexanenitrile | 129649-97-4 | C12H15NO |
| —— | 21,27,33,38-tetratert-butyl-4,4,10,10,16,16-hexaoxo-3,17-dioxa-4λ6,10λ6,16λ6-trithiaoctacyclo[17.15.7.15,9.111,15.125,29.136,40.02,31.018,23]pentatetraconta-1,5,7,9(45),11(44),12,14,18,20,22,25(43),26,28,31,33,36,38,40(42)-octadecaene-42,43-diol | 128217-28-7 | C56H62O10S3 |
| —— | 3,9,15,35-tetratert-butyl-39,40-dihydroxy-19,30-dioxahexacyclo[15.14.7.17,11.133,37.05,31.013,18]tetraconta-1,3,5(31),7,9,11(40),13(18),14,16,33,35,37(39)-dodecaene-20,29-dione | 128217-32-3 | C54H70O6 |
| —— | 2-(diethoxyphosphinothioylmethyl)phenol | 70538-73-7 | C11H17O3PS |
| —— | 2,2'-di(2-acetylbenzyliminoethyl)disulfide | 1612850-41-5 | C20H24N2O2S2 |
| —— | 3-methyl-5-α-furoyl-4-nitrosophenol | 83498-63-9 | C11H9NO3 |
| —— | β-hydroquinone-methyl isocyanide (3:1) clathrate | 51930-42-8 | C2H3N*3C6H6O2 |
| —— | 4-Acetylamino-2-hydroxy-5-nitro-toluol | 37066-83-4 | C9H10N2O4 |
| —— | 1-N,4-N-bis[(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)methylideneamino]benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide | 548447-40-1 | C22H16N6O8 |
| —— | N,N′,N′′-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzylidene)adamantane-1,3,5-tripropaneamine | 1448150-61-5 | C40H49N3O6 |
| —— | 1.3-Bis-(2-nitro-propenyl)-benzol | 3316-22-1 | C12H12N2O4 |
| —— | 3-<p-Hydroxy-phenyl>-4-methyl-Δ<sup>4</sup>-thiazolin-thion-(2) | 22962-90-9 | C10H9NOS2 |
| —— | 4-methoxy-6-methyl-N-(1-(6-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethylidene)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine | 1465740-22-0 | C14H16N4O2 |
| —— | 2-(PPh2(CH2)3NCH)C6H4OH | 128210-06-0 | C22H22NOP |
| —— | calix[9]arene | 265129-82-6 | C63H54O9 |
| —— | 4-methoxy-6-methyl-N-(1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethylidene)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine | 1465740-21-9 | C14H16N4O2 |
| —— | 2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanol | 55182-64-4 | C11H16O4 |
| —— | (5S,6E,8S,9S,11S,12R,13E,15E)-5,9,11,20-tetrahydroxy-12-methoxy-6,8,11,16-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),6,13,15,18(22),19-hexaen-3-one | 1361313-44-1 | C26H37NO6 |
| —— | 2-Chloro-4-((E)-2-nitro-propenyl)-phenol | 61131-67-7 | C9H8ClNO3 |
| —— | 113423-93-1 | C36H56O6 | |
| —— | 4-(5-Pyridin-2-yl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)phenol | 748771-29-1 | C14H10N2O2 |
| —— | 4-(5-(1-(1-ethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol | 1265531-97-2 | C17H20N6O2 |
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