酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-{[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-piperazin-1-ylimino]-methyl}-phenol | 56303-68-5 | C17H26N4O2 |
| —— | 2,2'-dithiobis(4-methylphenol) | 33931-37-2 | C14H14O2S2 |
| —— | 1-(4-trans-pentylcyclohexyl)-2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane | 92262-41-4 | C19H29FO |
| —— | 6-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazinane-3-thione | 1384850-13-8 | C9H12N4O2S |
| —— | 2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-5-iodo-phenol | 68301-43-9 | C9H7IN2OS |
| —— | 2-(4-chlorophenyl)amino-2-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile | 1529776-70-2 | C15H12ClIN2O2 |
| —— | 2-Nitro-3-(α-hydroxy-oxobutyl)-phenol | 34112-73-7 | C10H11NO5 |
| —— | N-[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pyridin-3-yl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide | 1035233-04-5 | C26H24ClN5O3 |
| —— | 5-Brom-2-hydroxybenzaldehyd-N,N-dimethylhydrazon | 59244-25-6 | C9H11BrN2O |
| —— | 3,6,10,13-Tetrathia-bicyclo[13.3.1]nonadeca-1(18),15(19),16-trien-19-ol | 125672-81-3 | C15H22OS4 |
| —— | N-[1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pyridin-3-yl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide | 1035234-02-6 | C26H24ClN5O3 |
| —— | 2-cyano-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-2E,4E,6E-trienoic acid benzylamide | 878795-56-3 | C22H20N2O3 |
| —— | 3-Fluoro-4-(piperidin-3-yloxy)phenol | 1783417-33-3 | C11H14FNO2 |
| —— | 2-Amino-5-oxy-3-methoxy-toluol | 861576-58-1 | C8H11NO2 |
| —— | tert-butyl (R)-4-((R)-hydroxy(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate | 925703-63-5 | C18H27NO6 |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzamidine; hydrochloride | 108748-73-8 | C8H10N2O2*ClH |
| —— | 5-(1-Hydroxy-butyl)-2-methoxy-phenol | 19523-09-2 | C11H16O3 |
| —— | 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate | 908290-30-2 | C13H17BrO3 |
| —— | 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-prop-2-enoxybenzaldehyde | 1447973-47-8 | C11H12O4 |
| —— | 2-Brom-α-methylmercapto-p-cresol | 99769-25-2 | C8H9BrOS |
| —— | 135799-24-5 | C22H23N4O3P | |
| —— | 2-[(2-cyclohexylphenylimino)methyl]phenol | 1072934-02-1 | C19H21NO |
| —— | 1-(2-chloro-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4,8,8a-hexahydroisoquinolin-6(7H)-one | 886836-15-3 | C16H18ClNO3 |
| —— | o-hydroxybenzaldehyde O-carbamoyloxime | 127479-18-9 | C8H8N2O3 |
| —— | N,N'-bis(3-methoxysalicylidene)-(2-amino-benzylamine) | 308117-13-7 | C23H22N2O4 |
| —— | 1,4-Dihydroxy-6-O-<<sup>14</sup>CH3>-2-methylbenzol | 57341-19-2 | C8H10O3 |
| —— | [Diisopropylamino-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-methyl]-phosphonic acid | 61145-92-4 | C13H22NO4P |
| —— | 2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol | 2121514-67-6 | C12H16BFO3 |
| —— | 1-n-Dodecyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-Δ<sup>2</sup>-imidazolin | 86840-85-9 | C21H33N3O3 |
| —— | 1-(3-(3-amino-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one | 1443033-10-0 | C18H18ClN3O3 |
| —— | 1-n-Dodecyl-2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-Δ<sup>2</sup>-imidazolin | 84354-90-5 | C21H34N2O |
| —— | (Z)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime | 1438253-56-5 | C8H9NO2 |
| —— | N.N'-<5-Methoxy-6-hydroxy-isophthalyliden>-bis-<n-butylamin> | 15333-99-0 | C17H26N2O2 |
| —— | ammonium-p-nitrophenolat | 20722-39-8 | C6H5NO3*H3N |
| —— | Carbamic acid,[4,5-dihydro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-,ethyl ester | 89145-38-0 | C15H21N3O3 |
| —— | N'-[1-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-eth-(E)-ylidene]-hydrazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | 174813-34-4 | C11H13FN2O3 |
| —— | 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-3-methylurea | 98488-54-1 | C8H9N3O4 |
| —— | 4-<5-Hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-pyrazolylmethylene>-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one | 98447-09-7 | C21H18N4O4 |
| —— | 7'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-2'H,4'H-spiro[indoline-3,3'-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine]-2,6'(7'H)-dione | 134666-31-2 | C19H15N5O4S |
| —— | 1-nitro-2,3-dihydroxy-5-fluorobenzene | 698985-45-4 | C6H4FNO4 |
| —— | 2,12,22,32-tetraheptyl-4,14,24,34-tetrahydroxy-7,17,27,37-tetradimethoxyethyl-7,17,27,37-tetraazanonacyclo[31.3(7).1.1(3,11).1(13,21).1(23,31).1(41).3.5(10).-11(44).13.1(23,31).0(5,10).0(15,20).0(25,30).0(35,40)]tetraconta[15(20),-21(43),23,25(30),31(42),33,35(41)]dodecaene | 1242265-84-4 | C80H124N4O16 |
| —— | (Z)-1-<2,5-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl>-4-<N-(4-methyl-phenyl)amino>-3-penten-2-on | 156683-35-1 | C19H21NO3 |
| —— | 1459803-91-8 | C14H19N3O3S | |
| —— | 4-Chloro-5-(2-cyclopentylamino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-benzene-1,2-diol; compound with (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid | 53636-89-8 | C4H4O4*C13H18ClNO3 |
| —— | bis-(6-methyl-salicylidene)-ethylenediamine | 954378-07-5 | C18H20N2O2 |
| —— | 6-[(4S)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ylidene]cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one | 267235-53-0 | C13H17NO2 |
| —— | 3-{[1-Pyridin-3-yl-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-phenol | 42974-38-9 | C12H10N2O |
| —— | Bis-(3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclopropenon | 25361-97-1 | C27H34O3 |
| —— | (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-acetaldehyde-oxime | 86200-91-1 | C9H11NO3 |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzimidic acid ethyl ester; hydrochloride | 5438-49-3 | C10H13NO3*ClH |
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