酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 5-[(2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-phenyl)-phenylamino-methyl]-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one | 79788-54-8 | C22H17N3O4S2 |
| —— | 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-4-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde oxime | 1360604-83-6 | C20H19FN2O3S |
| —— | 1472646-45-9 | C17H15N3O4 | |
| —— | 2-[3-(4-methoxyanilino)butyl]-5-methylbenzene-1,4-diol | 121746-66-5 | C18H23NO3 |
| —— | 3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-one oxime | 51210-86-7 | C14H14N2O3 |
| —— | 2-bromo-1-[5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-ethanone | 60640-68-8 | C11H10BrNO3 |
| —— | 5-(3,5-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(phenylimino)-4-thiazolidinone | 1236325-21-5 | C23H18N2O3S |
| —— | 4-(2-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenol | 1123188-97-5 | C15H26O3Si |
| —— | 3-(2-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclopenten | 57878-36-1 | C12H14O2 |
| —— | 5-(1-adamantyl)-4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole | 1224600-62-7 | C19H22N4OS |
| —— | 9-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-diisopropyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione | 1354390-13-8 | C26H32O5 |
| —— | 2-Chlor-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenylessigsaeure-aethylester | 17891-03-1 | C11H13ClO4 |
| —— | 5-(2-hydroxy-4-nitro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-ol | 89899-06-9 | C8H5N3O5 |
| —— | 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-4-one | 1056198-98-1 | C19H15N3O4S2 |
| —— | 3,5-dimethyl-4-((2-methylbut-2-en-1-ylidene)amino)phenol | 1041400-64-9 | C13H17NO |
| —— | 137600-51-2 | C49H66O3 | |
| —— | 2-Bromo-4-butyl-6-triethylsilylphenol | 1127943-21-8 | C16H27BrOSi |
| —— | 4,4’-{[5,5’-(benzene-1,4-diyl)]bis(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)}di(benzene-1,3-diol) | 1259435-17-0 | C22H14N4O4S2 |
| —— | Benzenesulfinic acid 1-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-meth-(Z)-ylideneamide | 57272-59-0 | C13H11NO2S |
| —— | (3-hydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-malononitrile | 99361-19-0 | C10H8N2O |
| —— | Methyl 4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)butanoate | 2901082-53-7 | C11H12N2O7 |
| —— | 3-(2,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-(1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione | 1383106-13-5 | C14H17NO5 |
| —— | 5-Chlor-α-(cyclopentylaminomethyl)-3,4-dihydrobenzylalkohol | 33584-89-3 | C13H18ClNO3 |
| —— | [Cu(resacetophenone oxime-1H)2(pyridine)2] | 929704-25-6 | C26H26CuN4O6 |
| —— | 2-ethyl-6-(hydroxylmethyl)-3-methoxy-5-methylphenol | 946861-04-7 | C11H16O3 |
| —— | 1-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propan-2-one | 70097-00-6 | C11H14O3 |
| —— | 1-Benzoxepin-5-methanol, 8-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]-4-[4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydro-α-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]- | 946534-26-5 | C42H61NO6Si2 |
| —— | 4-(benzyloxy)-2-((((1S,2S)-2-((2,6-diethylphenyl)amino)-1,2-diphenylethyl)amino)methyl)phenol | 1451929-85-3 | C38H40N2O2 |
| —— | 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone | 1415358-89-2 | C14H13N3O3S |
| —— | 2-(morpholino(thiophen-3-yl)methyl)phenol | 1262404-99-8 | C15H17NO2S |
| —— | 5-thioxo-[1,2,4]triazole-1,4-dicarboxylic acid bis-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide] | 66646-44-4 | C18H15N7O4S |
| —— | 1472646-47-1 | C17H14ClN3O4 | |
| —— | 2-nitro-4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)phenol | 1198296-48-8 | C10H11N3O3 |
| —— | 5t(?)-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-penta-2t,4-dienoic acid | 100519-39-9 | C12H12O5 |
| —— | N-<(2,5-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-methyl>-2-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-ethylamin | 116626-63-2 | C17H21NO4 |
| —— | 7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide | 1212065-91-2 | C21H23N5O4 |
| —— | 3-(2,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-isobutylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione | 1383105-57-4 | C15H19NO4 |
| —— | 4-(5-ethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-phenol | 68337-74-6 | C10H11N3O |
| —— | 2-[2-(3-Methyl-5-propyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)diazenyl]phenol | 10418-07-2 | C14H17N3O |
| —— | 4-(dimethylphosphorylmethoxy)phenol | 111963-36-1 | C9H13O3P |
| —— | 1383717-12-1 | C14H20ClN3O4S | |
| —— | 6-bromo-2,3,4-trimethyl-phenol | 99180-01-5 | C9H11BrO |
| —— | 1351612-32-2 | C16H16ClNO2 | |
| —— | 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-4-thiosemicarbazone | 22934-52-7 | C12H15N3O2S |
| —— | 4-(5-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-benzene-1,2,3-triol; hydrochloride | 69536-13-6 | C11H12N2O3*ClH |
| —— | 17-(1-adamantyl)-12,22-diaza-[4.4](1,3)-adamantanemetacyclophane-13,21-dien-20-ol | 1120356-44-6 | C32H42N2O |
| —— | ethyl (4E)-6-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylhex-4-enoate | 871732-11-5 | C16H22O4 |
| —— | 4,4-Bis-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-pentanoic acid | 57646-43-2 | C21H26O4S2 |
| —— | [Pd(κ2C,N-C6H4CH2C(O)NMe-2)I(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)] | 1266400-34-3 | C15H25N3OPd |
| —— | 2-[2-(3-chloro-anilino)-thiazol-4-yl]-4-fluoro-phenol | 1492-97-3 | C15H10ClFN2OS |
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