酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | N'-(4,6-dimethoxysalicylaldimine)-N,N-diethyldiethylenetriamine | 943519-19-5 | C17H29N3O3 |
| —— | N,N'-bis(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene)-4,5-dimethyl-1,2-diaminobenzene | 1446450-96-9 | C22H20N2O6 |
| —— | 2,3-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromo-2-nitro-ethyl)-6-methoxy-phenol | 859979-59-2 | C9H7Br4NO4 |
| —— | 3-(4-{[(1S)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]amino}phenyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid 2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazide | 1255149-00-8 | C26H20ClFN4O6 |
| —— | <i>N</i>-[5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-acetamidine | 70038-96-9 | C10H10N4OS |
| —— | N-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)benzhydrazone | 1089762-79-7 | C15H14N2O2 |
| —— | 121131-35-9 | C12H12Cl2N2OPt | |
| —— | [(8aS)-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl]-(2-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)methanone | 1383453-34-6 | C14H17N3O4 |
| —— | 1207618-53-8 | C18H22N2O4S | |
| —— | N'-(4-{2-[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenyl](methyl)amino]ethyl}phenyl)-2-thiophenecarboximidamide | 262613-55-8 | C25H29N3O3S |
| —— | 4-Chloro-6-[2-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)hydrazinylidene]cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one | 84819-80-7 | C10H8ClN3O2 |
| —— | bis(3-methylsalicylaldehyde)semicarbazone | 1214247-35-4 | C17H17N3O3 |
| —— | trans-4-ethylcyclohexyl 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylate | 1193987-93-7 | C23H34N2O5 |
| —— | 4-Bromo-2-[[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)hydrazinylidene]methyl]phenol | 304662-30-4 | C13H13BrN4O |
| —— | N'-(4-{2-[[5-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl]-(methyl)amino]ethyl}phenyl)-2-thiophenecarboximidamide | 262613-81-0 | C24H30N4O2S |
| —— | di(4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinyl) dioxouranium(VI) | 100802-05-9 | C22H16N6O6U |
| —— | 2-hydroxy-N-methyl-3-nitro-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide | 473731-58-7 | C14H13N3O4 |
| —— | 5-methyl-2-difluoromethoxyphenol | 1261794-30-2 | C8H8F2O2 |
| —— | 6-cyclopentyl-2,4-dibromophenol | 177365-38-7 | C11H12Br2O |
| —— | <5-Hydroxy-2.4-dimethyl-phenyl>-nitro-methan | 90610-33-6 | C9H11NO3 |
| —— | 3-(2-Hydroxyphenylimino)-2,2-dimethyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran | 55135-08-5 | C18H17NO2 |
| —— | 1403604-82-9 | C40H40O6 | |
| —— | 1,2-Diphenyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-Δ<sup>2</sup>-imidazolin-5-one | 78993-86-9 | C23H18N2O3 |
| —— | 2-(2,3-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl hexanoate | 1390634-22-6 | C14H20O4 |
| —— | 4-hydroxy-N-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-3-nitrobenzamide | 1056619-34-1 | C14H10N4O4 |
| —— | β-Trithio-3,4-dihydroxy-benzaldehyd | 104878-70-8 | C21H18O6S3 |
| —— | 1309359-08-7 | C7H6O2*C12H16O3 | |
| —— | 1252069-39-8 | C24H17N3O4 | |
| —— | 4-[5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-nitrobenzene-1,2-diol | 1394840-73-3 | C14H9N3O6S |
| —— | 3,8-Bis-[1-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene]-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-pyrido[2,3-g]quinoline-4,5,9,10-tetraone | 125733-72-4 | C26H18N2O6 |
| —— | 4-iodo-2-methoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenol | 1012308-60-9 | C12H15IO2 |
| —— | 1365645-12-0 | C13H9NO2S | |
| —— | N,N-Dimethyl-2,4,5-trihydroxy-phenethylamin | 42208-17-3 | C10H15NO3 |
| —— | 2-methyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)decane | 569332-28-1 | C19H32O3 |
| —— | 6,6'-(1E,1'E)-(2,2'-azanediylbis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(methan-1-ylidene)bis(2,4-diiodophenol) | 1088976-72-0 | C18H17I4N3O2 |
| —— | methyl 3-phenyl-5-(2-hydroxy-5-bromophenyl)-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo<3,2-a>pyrimidine-6-carboxylate | 145355-41-5 | C21H17BrN2O3S |
| —— | 2-Hydroxy-1-((3S,4S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-{4-methoxy-3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethoxy]phenyl}-3-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanone | 347848-59-3 | C25H33NO6 |
| —— | 3,4,5-tribromo-2,6-dichloro-phenol | 6852-85-3 | C6HBr3Cl2O |
| —— | N,N'-bis<6-(2',5'-dihydroxybenzylamino)n-hexyl>cystamine tetrahydrobromide | 77799-94-1 | 4BrH*C30H50N4O4S2 |
| —— | 4-ethyl-6-(1,3-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol | 1357359-21-7 | C14H12N2O2S |
| —— | N'-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzaldehyde hydrazone | 1415728-12-9 | C15H13ClN2O3 |
| —— | 2,3,4-trihydroxy-4'-iodoazobenzene | 80527-63-5 | C12H9IN2O3 |
| —— | 2,2-Dimethyl-propionic acid (E)-4-(5-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-but-2-enyl ester | 351379-23-2 | C18H26O5 |
| —— | 1,1-Dichlor-3-(5-chlor-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-propen-(1) | 98588-98-8 | C9H7Cl3O |
| —— | 3-(2,3-Dihydroxyphenyl)propyl decanoate | 1390634-35-1 | C19H30O4 |
| —— | 4-Chloro-2-dimethoxyphosphorylphenol | 512191-03-6 | C8H10ClO4P |
| —— | 3,4,6-Trichloro-2-(1-hydroxy-pentyl)-phenol | 35455-51-7 | C11H13Cl3O2 |
| —— | 4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-5-(2-(4-methylenecyclohexyl)acetyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one | 1224684-02-9 | C21H25ClN2O3 |
| —— | p-Kresol-2,6-d2 | 2876-02-0 | C7H8O |
| —— | 4-(dithiophen-2-ylmethyl)-2-methoxyphenol | 1227746-93-1 | C16H14O2S2 |
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