酚类
酚类是一大类化合物，它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基（-OH）直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中，并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。
结构与分类酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同，可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类：
- 单酚：每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
- 多酚：含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
- 天然来源：酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中，如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
- 抗氧化作用：许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性，能够清除体内的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
- 抗菌活性：部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果，可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
- 农药和杀虫剂：利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
- 染料工业：许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
- 医药领域：作为原料或药物成分，例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
酚类可以通过多种途径制备：
- 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
- 以苯或其他芳烃为原料，在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚，此过程称为菲林斯勒反应（Fischer–Strassmann反应）。
尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景，但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。
以上是对酚类的简单介绍，涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitro-benzoic acid; compound with 1-methyl-piperazine | 23168-14-1 | C5H12N2*C7H4N2O7 |
| —— | 4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo<1,2-a>benzimidazolium-chlorid | 23269-35-4 | C18H19N2O2*Cl |
| —— | N,N'-Ethylen-bis-<2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)>-2-hydroxyethyl-glycinonitril | 24223-82-3 | C22H26N4O4 |
| —— | N-(4-{[(E)-2,4-Dihydroxy-5-octyl-phenylimino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetamide | 23734-85-2 | C23H30N2O3 |
| —— | 1-<5-Chlor-2-hydroxy-phenyl>-3,5-diphenyl-Δ<sup>2</sup>-pyrazolin | 23286-41-1 | C21H17ClN2O |
| —— | 2,2'-[6-(2-octylsulfanyl-ethyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4-diyl]-bis-phenol | 38358-80-4 | C25H31N3O2S |
| —— | 2,4-Dinitro-phenol; compound with 2,4-dimethyl-phenylamine | 39194-17-7 | C6H4N2O5*C8H11N |
| —— | 2,4-Dinitro-phenol; compound with p-tolylamine | 39487-13-3 | C6H4N2O5*C7H9N |
| —— | 1-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-isopropylaminoaethanol | 53553-25-6 | C13H21NO2 |
| —— | 389840-52-2 | C15H15NO | |
| —— | [4,6-bis-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-anilino)-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester | 35965-71-0 | C23H30N5O5P |
| —— | [5-(2-tert-Butylamino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-hydroxy-benzyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester; compound with acetic acid | 23527-63-1 | C2H4O2*C16H26N2O4 |
| —— | (3-Chloro-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-benzyl)-methyl-carbamic acid ethyl ester | 91802-99-2 | C12H16ClNO3 |
| —— | 5-(2-Amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-3-chloro-2-methoxy-phenol; hydrochloride | 54326-28-2 | C9H12ClNO3*ClH |
| —— | 1-Phenyl-3-<5-chlor-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl>-5-<4-methoxy-phenyl>-Δ<sup>2</sup>-pyrazolin | 25262-44-6 | C23H21ClN2O2 |
| —— | 137600-49-8 | C50H68O2 | |
| —— | N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon 2,4,5-Trichlorphenol-Komplex | 41950-53-2 | C5H9NO*C6H3Cl3O |
| —— | (+/-)-5-[[2H-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]benzene-1,3-diol | 220286-25-9 | C12H16O4 |
| —— | 4-(2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | 22812-49-3 | C22H22O4 |
| —— | 2-Methyl-5-(2-acetyl-3,6-dihydroxy-phenyl)-furan | 16021-62-8 | C13H12O4 |
| —— | 1-Methyl-α-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-piperidylcarbinol | 32467-97-3 | C14H21NO3 |
| —— | 5-[1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(E)-4-hydroxy-phenylimino]-thiazolidin-4-one | 25745-21-5 | C23H18N2O5S |
| —— | Benzyl (S)-2-(6-hydroxy-7-nitro-1H-indazol-1-yl)-1-methylethylcarbamate | 880129-67-9 | C18H18N4O5 |
| —— | 2,2'-{[2-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-imidazolidine-1,3-diyldiimino]-dimethyl}-bis-phenol | 24559-12-4 | C23H22N4O3 |
| —— | tert-butyl (6-((5-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzylidene)amino)hexyl)carbamate | 1557159-77-9 | C18H27N3O5 |
| —— | 4-[3-(Benzyl-methyl-amino)-1,1-dimethyl-propyl]-2-methoxy-phenol | 54225-29-5 | C20H27NO2 |
| —— | 5-bromosalicylaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone | 354590-08-2 | C15H12Br2N4O2S |
| —— | 4-Nitro-2,6-bis-<indolyl-(3)-methyl>-phenol | 19727-78-7 | C24H19N3O3 |
| —— | 2-(anilino-pyridin-2-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-phenol | 27632-69-5 | C19H18N2O |
| —— | N,N'-ethylenebis(3,5-diiodosalicylideneamine) | 939970-10-2 | C16H12I4N2O2 |
| —— | 6-(6-hydroxy-4-oxa-hex-1-ynyl)-5-nitrosalicylaldehyde | 197095-76-4 | C12H11NO6 |
| —— | 2,4-Dinitro-phenol; compound with 3-methoxy-phenylamine | 39194-23-5 | C6H4N2O5*C7H9NO |
| —— | (+/-)-13-hydroxy-4-iodo-[2.2]paracyclophane | 1394252-97-1 | C16H15IO |
| —— | 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde [4-(4-bromo-phenyl)-5-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene]-hydrazone | 101422-79-1 | C16H12BrN3O2S |
| —— | 10,16,22,33,39,45,50,59-Octatert-butyl-3,6,26,29-tetraoxaundecacyclo[29.15.7.78,24.114,18.137,41.148,52.02,43.07,12.020,25.030,35.157,61]tetrahexaconta-1,7,9,11,14,16,18(63),20,22,24,30,32,34,37(55),38,40,43,45,48,50,52(54),57(64),58,60-tetracosaene-54,55,63,64-tetrol | 215665-88-6 | C92H116O8 |
| —— | 4-[4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-6-(4-fluoro-anilino)-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl]-benzene-1,3-diol | 7346-58-9 | C21H14ClFN4O2 |
| —— | 4-Hydrazinomethyl-2-methoxy-phenol | 90197-32-3 | C8H12N2O2 |
| —— | 4-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylideneamino)-3<i>H</i>-thiazole-2-thione | 23283-75-2 | C17H13BrN2O2S2 |
| —— | 2-Nitro-4,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenol; compound with trimethyl-amine | 50563-97-8 | C3H9N*C8H3F6NO3 |
| —— | 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-4-n-butyl-3-mercapto-1,2,4(H)-triazole | 1109271-39-7 | C13H17N3OS |
| —— | 2-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-phenol-d2 | 1191271-57-4 | C8H10O3 |
| —— | 4-<ω-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-nonyl>-imidazol | 35501-15-6 | C18H26N2O |
| —— | 2-(bis(ethylthiolato)amino)-4-methylphenol | 191864-95-6 | C11H17NOS2 |
| —— | 2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-N-tetradecyl-acetamide | 53283-48-0 | C23H39NO3 |
| —— | Nigrifactin-pikrat | 24041-94-9 | C6H3N3O7*C12H17N |
| —— | 4b,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-5H-benzo<3,4>cyclobuta<1,2>cycloheptene-1,4b-diol | 89638-60-8 | C13H16O2 |
| —— | 5-methylsalicylaldehyde 6-methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidinyl hydrazone | 220164-55-6 | C13H14N4O2 |
| —— | 4-[6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)hexoxy]benzaldehyde | 1207510-95-9 | C19H22O4 |
| —— | Piperidine-1-carbothioic acid (2-hydroxy-4-nitro-phenyl)-amide | 78720-42-0 | C12H15N3O3S |
| —— | 2-Nitro-4,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenol; compound with 1-amino-propan-2-ol | 50563-94-5 | C3H9NO*C8H3F6NO3 |
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