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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 6-amino-2-bromo-3,4-dimethyl-phenol —— C8H10BrNO
6-amino-2-bromo-3,4-dimethyl-phenol
—— 2-[N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylphenol —— C14H21NO2
2-[N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylphenol
—— (E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one —— C15H13NO3
(E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
—— methyl 2-(tert-butoxy)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-nitrophenyl)acetate —— C15H21NO6
methyl 2-(tert-butoxy)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-nitrophenyl)acetate
—— 3-methyl-4-(p-tolylamino)phenol —— C14H15NO
3-methyl-4-(p-tolylamino)phenol
—— butyl(4-hydroxyphenyl)tellane —— C10H14OTe
butyl(4-hydroxyphenyl)tellane
—— N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-epi-aminoquercitol —— C14H21NO6
N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-epi-aminoquercitol
—— 4,6-dichloro-2-hexyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol —— C13H18Cl2O3
4,6-dichloro-2-hexyl-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol
—— 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylthio)pentane-2,4-dione —— C13H16O3S
3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylthio)pentane-2,4-dione
—— 4-(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole —— C12H14N2O
4-(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole
—— 4-[(dodecylselanyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C21H36OSe
4-[(dodecylselanyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 4-(2,2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C12H12F6O5S2
4-(2,2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophenium bromide —— Br*C20H17OS
5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophenium bromide
—— 4-(1-hydroxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol —— C13H15F3O4
4-(1-hydroxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenol
—— 4,9-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,8,9-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-g]chromene-2,5,7,10-tetraone —— C26H20O10
4,9-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,8,9-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-g]chromene-2,5,7,10-tetraone
—— 4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole —— C9H8N4OS
4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole
—— (E)-6-(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid —— C16H21ClO4
(E)-6-(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid
—— (E)-6-(5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid —— C16H22O4
(E)-6-(5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acid
—— N-4-t-butylbenzoyl-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-methylphenoxy]ethyl}-4-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolecarboxamide —— C30H38ClN3O4
N-4-t-butylbenzoyl-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-methylphenoxy]ethyl}-4-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolecarboxamide
—— 4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol —— C14H18O2S
4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol —— C14H18OS
4-methyl-2-(2,4-dimethylpenta-2,4-dienylsulfanyl)phenol
—— methyl 3-oxo-4-(2,4-dibromo-3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)butanoate —— C11H10Br2O5
methyl 3-oxo-4-(2,4-dibromo-3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)butanoate
—— 2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-p-methoxyphenylaminopropen-1-yl)-3,5-dibromohydroquinone —— C19H19Br2NO5
2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-p-methoxyphenylaminopropen-1-yl)-3,5-dibromohydroquinone
—— 6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazin-7-one —— C18H12BrN3O3S
6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazin-7-one
—— 3-allyl-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one —— C13H10BrNO2S2
3-allyl-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one
—— 2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-4'-pentyl-p-terphenyl —— C23H24F2O
2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-4'-pentyl-p-terphenyl
—— 5-Hydroxy-1-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-benzocyclobutene —— C14H17NO
5-Hydroxy-1-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-benzocyclobutene
—— 2-methoxy-4-((E)-2-(4-((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)vinyl)phenol —— C20H19N3O3
2-methoxy-4-((E)-2-(4-((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)vinyl)phenol
—— trans-3-phenyl-5(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline —— C15H14N2O
trans-3-phenyl-5(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline
—— 2,4-dichlorothiophenol —— C6H4Cl2OS2
2,4-dichlorothiophenol
—— (-)-(R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(tripropylsilyloxy)isocan-3-one —— C35H64O3Si
(-)-(R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(tripropylsilyloxy)isocan-3-one
—— (+)-(S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(tripropylsilyloxy)isocan-3-one —— C35H64O3Si
(+)-(S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(tripropylsilyloxy)isocan-3-one
—— 2-hydroxy-β-methylmaleanilic acid —— C11H11NO4
2-hydroxy-β-methylmaleanilic acid
—— 3,3'-[(1E,2E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenedi[(E)methylydene]]dibenzene-1,2-diol —— C14H12N2O4
3,3'-[(1E,2E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenedi[(E)methylydene]]dibenzene-1,2-diol
—— tert-butyl 3-fluoro-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl(methyl)carbamate 1037093-11-0 C13H17FN2O5
tert-butyl 3-fluoro-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl(methyl)carbamate
—— (2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)acetonitrile —— C9H8N2O
(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)acetonitrile
—— 7,16-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane —— C26H34Cl2N4O10
7,16-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane
—— methyl 4-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate —— C15H18N2O6
methyl 4-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
—— 2-(5,5-dimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinan-2-yl)-phenol —— C11H15BO3
2-(5,5-dimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinan-2-yl)-phenol
—— methyl 4-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate —— C13H13N3O6
methyl 4-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
—— 2-amino-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile —— C18H18N2O3
2-amino-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile
—— 2-(morpholino(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phenol —— C15H17NO2S
2-(morpholino(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phenol
—— 2-cyclohexyl-N-[(Z)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide —— C14H19N3OS
2-cyclohexyl-N-[(Z)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide
—— 5-acetyl-2-amino-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile —— C15H14N2O3
5-acetyl-2-amino-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile
—— 1-amino-1,2-dicyano-2-(2'-hydroxybenzylidenamine)ethene —— C11H8N4O
1-amino-1,2-dicyano-2-(2'-hydroxybenzylidenamine)ethene
—— 4-(5-(4-(5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3-methoxyphenol —— C23H16N4O4S
4-(5-(4-(5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3-methoxyphenol
—— (2Z)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide —— C14H13N3OS
(2Z)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide
—— (2Z)-N-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide —— C10H13N3OS
(2Z)-N-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide
—— (2Z)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide —— C11H13N3OS
(2Z)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide
—— (2Z)-N-benzyl-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide —— C15H15N3OS
(2Z)-N-benzyl-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide