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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 7-[(2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-10-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-oxo-6,7-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-9-ene-9-carboxylic acid 2-methylpropyl ester —— C21H26F2N2O5
7-[(2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-10-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-oxo-6,7-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-9-ene-9-carboxylic acid 2-methylpropyl ester
—— hydroxy-pyrazolyl[2.2]-paracyclophane —— C19H18N2O
hydroxy-pyrazolyl[2.2]-paracyclophane
—— (4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl)diethanone —— C18H21NO4
(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl)diethanone
—— dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate —— C18H21NO6
dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
—— Purealidin N —— C15H16Br2N4O4
Purealidin N
—— 5-(1,1-dimethylprop-2-en-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzaldehyde —— C13H16O3
5-(1,1-dimethylprop-2-en-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzaldehyde
—— 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene-d6 —— C6H6O3
1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene-d6
—— N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-1,2-diaminopropane —— C19H22N2O4
N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-1,2-diaminopropane
—— 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde —— C11H8O3
5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde
—— hydroxytyrosyl oleate —— C26H42O4
hydroxytyrosyl oleate
—— pyridoxal-(4-hydroxy-benzylimine) —— C15H16N2O3
pyridoxal-(4-hydroxy-benzylimine)
—— 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-7-ol hydrochloride —— C14H13NO4*ClH
1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-7-ol hydrochloride
—— (E,E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamido)-3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystyryl)acrylonitrile —— C20H18N2O6
(E,E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamido)-3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystyryl)acrylonitrile
—— 3-bromo-2,4,5,6-tetramethylphenol —— C10H13BrO
3-bromo-2,4,5,6-tetramethylphenol
—— 5-((4-(m-tolyloxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol —— C17H17N3O4
5-((4-(m-tolyloxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol
—— N'-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide —— C16H17N3O4
N'-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide
—— N'-(4-methoxybenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide —— C15H14N2O5
N'-(4-methoxybenzylidene)galloyl hydrazide
—— N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)gallamide —— C10H11NO4
N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)gallamide
—— N-(6-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)hexyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide —— C20H24N2O8
N-(6-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)hexyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide
—— N,N'-bisgalloyl 1,3-diaminopropane, —— C17H18N2O8
N,N'-bisgalloyl 1,3-diaminopropane,
—— N-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide —— C16H16N2O8
N-(2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide
—— (3,4,5,β-tetrahydroxybenzylidene)malononitrile —— C10H6N2O4
(3,4,5,β-tetrahydroxybenzylidene)malononitrile
—— 3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide —— C10H9NO4
3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide
—— 3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-ethyl-benzamide —— C9H11NO4
3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-ethyl-benzamide
—— 3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-benzamide —— C15H14N2O6
3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-benzamide
—— tris-[2-(3',4',5'-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]amine —— C27H30N4O12
tris-[2-(3',4',5'-trihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]amine
—— 5,11,17,23,29-penta(dihydroxyphosphoryl)-31,32,33,34,35-pentahydroxycalix[5]arene —— C35H35O20P5
5,11,17,23,29-penta(dihydroxyphosphoryl)-31,32,33,34,35-pentahydroxycalix[5]arene
—— 1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl]-3-{4-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl} thiourea —— C19H24Cl2N4O2S
1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl]-3-{4-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl} thiourea
—— N-dihydroferuloyldopamine —— C18H21NO5
N-dihydroferuloyldopamine
—— 4-(2-((adamantan-2-yl)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol —— C18H25NO2
4-(2-((adamantan-2-yl)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
—— N-trans-feruloyl-4′-O-methyldopamine —— C19H21NO5
N-trans-feruloyl-4′-O-methyldopamine
—— (R,E)-6-acetyl-2-(1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)-ethylidene)-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyldibenzo[b,d]furan-1,3(2H,9bH)-dione —— C26H25NO8
(R,E)-6-acetyl-2-(1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)-ethylidene)-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyldibenzo[b,d]furan-1,3(2H,9bH)-dione
—— diethyl 4-((3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)carbamoyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate —— C22H28N2O7
diethyl 4-((3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)carbamoyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
—— N-[5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H8]arachidonoyl-3-hydroxytyramine —— C28H41NO3
N-[5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H8]arachidonoyl-3-hydroxytyramine
—— dopamine gluconamide —— C14H21NO8
dopamine gluconamide
—— dopamine ribonamide —— C13H19NO7
dopamine ribonamide
—— 4-(2-((4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H15NO3
4-(2-((4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
—— (E)-N’-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N’-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide
—— N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpentanamide —— C14H20N2O4
N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpentanamide
—— N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpentanamide —— C14H20N2O4
N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpentanamide
—— (E)-N′-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide —— C14H13N3O3
(E)-N′-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide
—— deoxyspongiaquinol —— C22H32O3
deoxyspongiaquinol
—— 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propionylphenylethylamine 106827-59-2 C17H19NO2
3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propionylphenylethylamine
—— (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one —— C15H14O5
(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
—— EMK 871 59832-13-2 C12H10N2O3
EMK 871
—— 5-methoxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-resorcinol —— C10H14O3
5-methoxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-resorcinol
—— 3-phenylpropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate —— C18H20O4
3-phenylpropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate
—— cis-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene]-tetrahydro-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid —— C18H14O8
cis-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene]-tetrahydro-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid
—— N-hexadecyl-3,4-dihydroxycinnamamide —— C25H41NO3
N-hexadecyl-3,4-dihydroxycinnamamide
—— (E)-1-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)-6-styryl-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one —— C22H21NO4
(E)-1-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)-6-styryl-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one