肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | Ac-DSKWKRDHSR-NH2 | 1342844-89-6 | C57H88N22O16 |
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—— | RQIRRWWQWRR-NH2 | 1207982-28-2 | C79H120N32O13 |
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—— | RQWKKWWQWRR-NH2 | 1207982-27-1 | C84H119N29O13 |
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—— | YMRTPDGRCK(N3)PTFYQ-OH | 1314096-82-6 | C82H121N25O23S2 |
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—— | [D-Arg<sup>1</sup>,D-Trp<sup>7,9,</sup>,Leu<sup>11</sup>]substance-P | 91224-37-2 | C75H108N20O13 |
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—— | YMRTPDGRC(N-methyl-phenacyloxycarbamidomethyl)K(N3)PTFYQ-OH | 1314096-80-4 | C93H132N26O26S2 |
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—— | luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone | 47924-54-9 | C55H77N17O14 |
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—— | myelin basic protein (87 - 99) | —— | C74H114N20O17 |
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—— | KEEPPHHEVPESETC | 360768-40-7 | C73H110N20O28S |
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—— | KEEPPHHEVPESETC | —— | C73H110N20O28S |
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—— | cyclo(3-14)H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Tyr-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH | 59481-26-4 | C74H103N17O20S2 |
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—— | [D-Trp8]-SRIF | 58976-46-8 | C76H104N18O19S2 |
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—— | cyclo(3-14)H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH | 73640-67-2 | C78H105N17O19S2 |
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—— | cyclo(3-14)H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH | 66863-48-7 | C78H105N17O19S2 |
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—— | cyclo(3-14)H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH | 61617-51-4 | C74H103N17O20S2 |
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—— | Dab(Boc)-Thr(tBu)-Dab(Boc)-cyclo[Dab-Dab(Boc)-DPhe-Leu-Dab(Boc)-Dab(Boc)-Thr(tBu)] | 1416048-27-5 | C79H136N16O22 |
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—— | Ac-DVSTSQAVLPDD-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1613467-13-2 | C53H86N14O23 |
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—— | preptin-(1-12) | 1613467-10-9 | C51H83N13O23 |
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—— | bombesin | —— | C71H110N24O18S |
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—— | Ac-DVSTSQAVLPDD | 1613467-11-0 | C53H85N13O24 |
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—— | DVSTSQAVLPDD-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1613467-12-1 | C51H84N14O22 |
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—— | ACSDRFRNCPADEALCG-NH2 | 1239620-57-5 | C72H115N25O25S3 |
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—— | rat LVV-hemorphin-7 | 75808-66-1 | C65H93N15O14 |
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—— | H-Lys(FIT)-(Ala-AlaT-Ala)4-Lys(H)-NH2 | 1086771-98-3 | C89H114N26O27S |
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—— | Cadherin Peptide, avian | 127650-08-2 | C44H75N17O13 |
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—— | L-Lysyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithyl-L-seryl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycine | 193613-81-9 | C33H61N17O12 |
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—— | Cholecystokinin 21 | 101831-07-6 | C98H169N33O30S |
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—— | Thromboplastin | 9002-05-5 | C217H342N68O60S3 |
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—— | Beinaglutide | 123475-27-4 | C149H225N39O46 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;acetic acid | —— | C80H115N21O21 |
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—— | Astressin2B trifluoroacetate salt | —— | C183H307N49O53 |
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—— | H-DL-Leu-DL-Leu-Gly-DL-Asp-DL-Phe-DL-Phe-DL-Arg-DL-Lys-DL-Ser-DL-Lys-DL-Glu-DL-Lys-DL-xiIle-Gly-DL-Lys-DL-Glu-DL-Phe-DL-Lys-DL-Arg-DL-xiIle-DL-Val-DL-Gln-DL-Arg-DL-xiIle-DL-Lys-DL-Asp-DL-Phe-DL-Leu-DL-Arg-DL-Asn-DL-Leu-DL-Val-DL-Pro-DL-Arg-DL-xiThr-DL-Glu-DL-Ser-OH | —— | C205H340N60O53 |
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—— | Sauvagine trifluoroacetate salt Pyr-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Ile-Asp-Leu-Ser-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Met-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Ala-Asn-Asn-Arg-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-Thr-Ile-NH2 trifluoroacetate salt | —— | C202H346N56O63S |
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—— | Boc-Val-Orn(For)(For)-Leu-Dha(pyrid-3-yl)(pyrid-3-yl)-Pro-Val-Orn(For)(For)-Leu-Dha(pyrid-3-yl)(pyrid-3-yl)-Pro-OH | 923014-86-2 | C65H96N14O15 |
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—— | Boc-Val-Orn(For)-Leu-Dha(pyrid-3-yl)-Pro-Val-Orn(For)-Leu-Dha(pyrid-3-yl)-Pro-OMe | 923014-85-1 | C66H98N14O15 |
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—— | (1S,4S,13S,16S,19R,22S,25S,28R,31S,37S,41R,44R,47S,50S,53R,56R,65S)-44-amino-4,16,22-tribenzyl-47-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-31-[(R)-carboxy(hydroxy)methyl]-2,5,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,48,51,54,57,67-heptadecahydroxy-37-(2-hydroxy-2-iminoethyl)-50-(3-hydroxy-3-iminopropyl)-41,70-dimethyl-8-oxo-25-propan-2-yl-42,69,72-trithia-3,6,9,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,46,49,52,55,58,60,66-nonadecazapentacyclo[38.18.9.319,56.328,53.09,13]triheptaconta-2,5,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,48,51,54,57,66-heptadecaene-65-carboxylic acid | —— | C89H125N25O25S3 |
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—— | Shaker B inactivating peptide | 144119-58-4 | C95H158N32O28S |
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—— | Protegrin-4 | 157214-61-4 | C86H138N32O19S4 |
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—— | Somatostatin, tyr(11)- | 59481-27-5 | C76H104N18O20S2 |
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—— | (3S)-4-[(2S)-1-[[(1R,2aS,4S,5aS,8aS,11aS,13S,14aS,16S,17aR,19S,20aS,25S,26aS,29aS,31S,32aS,34S,35aS,37R,38aS,41aS,42R,44aS,45S,47aS,48S,50aS,51S,53aS,54R,56aS,57S,59aS,60S,62aS,63S,66S,69S,72S,75S,78S,81S,84S,87S,90S,93R)-29a,62a,69,84-tetrakis(4-aminobutyl)-8a,41a,72-tribenzyl-50a,53a-bis[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-47a,48,56a,81,90-pentakis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-31,60-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-42-[N-[2-[2-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-57-(carboxymethyl)-1a,3,4a,7a,10a,12,13a,15,16a,18,19a,22a,25a,28a,31a,33,34a,36,37a,40a,43a,44,46a,47,49a,50,52a,53,55a,56,58a,59,61a,62,64a,65,68,71,74,77,80,83,86,89,92,95,98-heptatetracontahydroxy-11a,13,45-tris[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-35a,75,78-tris(2-hydroxy-2-iminoethyl)-14a-(3-hydroxy-3-iminopropyl)-66-(hydroxymethyl)-2a,16,38a,44a-tetrakis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-26a,32a,59a,63,87-pentamethyl-20a,34-bis(2-methylpropyl)-51-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-9,24,30-trioxo-5a-propan-2-yl-39,40,66a,67a,70a,71a-hexathia-a,2,3a,6a,8,9a,11,12a,14,15a,17,18a,21a,23,24a,27a,29,30a,32,33a,35,36a,39a,42a,43,45a,46,48a,49,51a,52,54a,55,57a,58,60a,61,63a,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97-pentacontazahexacyclo[91.71.4.454,117.04,8.019,23.025,29]doheptacontahecta-a(1a),2,3a(4a),6a(7a),9a(10a),11,12a(13a),14,15a(16a),17,18a(19a),21a(22a),24a(25a),27a(28a),30a(31a),32,33a(34a),35,36a(37a),39a(40a),42a(43a),43,45a(46a),46,48a(49a),49,51a(52a),52,54a(55a),55,57a(58a),58,60a(61a),61,63a(64a),64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97-heptatetracontaen-37-yl]imino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-3-[[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-4-hydroxybutanoic acid | —— | C284H432N84O79S7 |
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—— | (7-Methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-prolyl-lysyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-glutaminyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-glycyl-leucyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysyl-glycine | 158584-07-7 | C78H101N17O22 |
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—— | Siamycin I | 164802-68-0 | C97H131N23O26S4 |
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—— | Neutrophil Peptide-2 | 99287-07-7 | C147H217N43O37S6 |
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—— | L-Alanyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-tryptophyl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-histidyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-arginyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-serine | 120396-89-6 | C98H168N38O25 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(1S,4S,7S,13R,19S,22S,25S,28S,31R,36R,39S,45S,51S,54R,60S)-4-benzyl-25,45-bis[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62-nonadecahydroxy-60-(2-hydroxy-2-iminoethyl)-39-(hydroxymethyl)-19-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-7,22-dimethyl-51-(2-methylpropyl)-28-propan-2-yl-33,34,64,65-tetrathia-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61-nonadecazatricyclo[34.21.5.413,54]hexahexaconta-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61-nonadecaen-31-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid | —— | C98H133N23O26S4 |
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—— | Cecropin A (1-33) | 81541-05-1 | C128H216N36O32 |
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—— | (7-Methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-arginyl-prolyl-lysyl-prolyl-tyrosyl-alanyl-norvalyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysinamide | 158584-08-8 | C79H105N19O19S |
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—— | Glicentin 1-30 | 80317-95-9 | C142H223N41O57S |
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—— | Trichorzianine B | 112959-01-0 | C91H148N22O25 |
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—— | Bombolitin IV | 95753-40-5 | C88H158N24O20 |
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