肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | Antilysin | 9087-70-1 | C284H432N84O79S7 |
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—— | omega-Conotoxin M VIIC | —— | C106H178N40O32S7 |
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—— | dodecapotassium;(4R)-2-[2-[[(5R)-5-amino-6-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-5-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxo-1-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate | —— | C264H350K12N48O61S12 |
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—— | (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanamide | 1456970-70-9 | C114H183N37O30 |
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—— | N(1)Val-Phe-Ala-His-Asn-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Val-Asu(1)-OH | 1516886-30-8 | C68H92N14O18 |
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—— | (2S,5S,8S,11S,14S,17S,20S,23S,26S,29S,32S,34E)-14-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-5-benzyl-20-(carboxymethyl)-17,23-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-11-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-8-methyl-26-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,38-undecaoxo-2,29-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclooctatriacont-34-ene-32-carboxylic acid | 1516886-29-5 | C68H90N14O18 |
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—— | (2S,5S,8S,11S,14S,17S,20S,23S,26S,29S,32S,37S)-37-amino-14-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-5-benzyl-20-(carboxymethyl)-17,23-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-11-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-8-methyl-26-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,38-undecaoxo-2,29-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclooctatriacontane-32-carboxylic acid | 1516886-28-4 | C68H93N15O18 |
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—— | (2S,5S,8S,11S,14S,17S,20S,23S,26S,29S,32S,34E,37S)-37-amino-14-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-5-benzyl-20-(carboxymethyl)-17,23-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-11-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-8-methyl-26-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,38-undecaoxo-2,29-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclooctatriacont-34-ene-32-carboxylic acid | 1516886-27-3 | C68H91N15O18 |
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—— | Asp-Ala-Glu-Asn-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ser-Phe-Gln-Glu-Ile-Val | —— | C65H101N15O25 |
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—— | H-DL-Arg-DL-xiIle-DL-Lys-DL-xiIle-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Phe-DL-Asp-DL-Gln-DL-Leu-DL-Ser-DL-Arg-DL-Leu-NH2 | —— | C71H124N22O17 |
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—— | 5-amino-2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[1-[2-[(2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C120H194N36O34 |
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—— | Autocamtide-2 | —— | C65H118N22O20 |
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—— | Leptin (116-130) amide (mouse) | —— | C64H109N19O24S |
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—— | 5-[[1-[[1-[[2-[[1-[[1-[[1-[(1-amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[2-[[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[[1-[2-[(5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;azane | —— | C97H127N21O31S |
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—— | Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (1-32), rat | —— | C146H239N47O44S3 |
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—— | Pneumadin | 130918-90-0 | C47H74N12O15 |
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—— | Vespakinin-X | 63596-81-6 | C64H98N18O14 |
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—— | Dynorphin (1-10) amide | 79985-49-2 | C57H92N20O11 |
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—— | Neurotensin (1-6) | 87620-09-5 | C35H52N8O12 |
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—— | Malantide | 86555-35-3 | C72H124N22O21 |
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—— | Sialokinin I | 152923-41-6 | C51H77N13O15S |
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—— | Allotrap | 151232-75-6 | C53H90N20O16 |
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—— | Sialokinin II | 152923-42-7 | C51H76N12O16S |
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—— | Salmfamide 2 | 134439-74-0 | C59H82N14O18 |
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—— | Dhq-ghk | 132391-61-8 | C28H30N6O9 |
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—— | Preprovasoactive intestinal peptide (111-122) | 123025-94-5 | C53H87N13O21 |
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—— | Cholecystokinin 33 (10-20) | 122998-75-8 | C51H93N17O16S |
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—— | beta-Casomorphin 11 | 101554-61-4 | C59H84N12O15 |
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—— | Pepsinogen (1-12) | 75903-15-0 | C65H122N18O14 |
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—— | LHRH, Gln(8)- | 47922-48-5 | C54H71N15O14 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-6-amino-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid | 130349-12-1 | C57H89N13O13S |
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—— | polymyxin E sulphate | —— | C53H100N16O13*5H2O4S |
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—— | H-DL-Pyr-DL-His-DL-Trp-DL-Ser-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Arg-DL-Pro-Gly-NH2.Cl- | —— | C55H76ClN17O13 |
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—— | Neurokinin beta | 86933-75-7 | C55H79N13O14S2 |
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—— | H-DL-xiIle-DL-Asn-DL-Leu-DL-Lys-DL-Ala-DL-Leu-DL-Ala-DL-Ala-DL-Leu-DL-Ala-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-xiIle-DL-Leu-NH2 | 72093-21-1 | C70H131N19O15 |
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—— | Kemptamide | 89315-28-6 | C65H112N24O18 |
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—— | Pyroglutamyl-seryl-valyl-prolyl-threonyl-phenylalanyl-threonyl-prolyl-arginyl-leucinamide | 151812-20-3 | C65H98N16O17 |
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—— | Ala-Pro-Gly-Asp-Arg-Ile-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe | 72007-47-7 | C60H86N16O15 |
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—— | N-[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]-2-(2,4-diaminobutanoylamino)-3-hydroxybutanamide | 76014-40-9 | C47H82N16O12 |
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—— | Seminal plasma inhibin (85-94), tyr(85), cys(acm)(87)- | 121637-29-4 | C54H78N12O18S |
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—— | Ranatachykinin A | 135690-47-0 | C60H92N16O15S |
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—— | N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-3,12-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | 6683-17-6 | C51H96N16O14 |
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—— | [Phg<sup>1</sup>]-alloferon | 1421595-83-6 | C54H76N20O16 |
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—— | D-Phe-Pro-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-Val-Orn-Leu | 83830-88-0 | C60H94N12O11 |
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—— | N-[4-amino-1-[[3-hydroxy-1-[[3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-3,12-bis(1-hydroxyethyl)-15-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]propan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | 1404-29-1 | C50H93N15O15 |
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—— | Fmoc-His-Pro-Ile-Arg-Val-Cys-Asp-Ile-Leu-Leu-Gly-NH2 | 926661-74-7 | C70H105N17O15S |
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—— | Alloc-His-Ala-Glu(OAll)-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp(OAll)-Val-NHSO2-C6H4-NHAc | 1189124-30-8 | C63H86N14O22S |
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—— | VEADIAGHGQEVLIR | 431063-78-4 | C69H115N21O23 |
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—— | HGTVVLTALGGILK | 299899-45-9 | C63H111N17O17 |
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—— | H-Leu-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Asp-Cys-Arg-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Ser-NH2 | 1166833-49-3 | C64H99N21O21S |
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