肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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胶原蛋白 | Collagen(cattle skin) (9CI) | 9064-67-9 | C65H102N18O21 |
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胰高血糖素样肽1酰胺(人) | GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, bovine, guinea pig, mouse, rat) trifluoroacetate salt H-His-Asp-Glu-Phe-Glu-Arg-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2 trifluoroacetate salt | —— | C184H273N51O57 |
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胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1) | (4S)-5-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C186H275N51O59 |
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胰抑制素(猪) | Pancreastatin | 106477-83-2 | C214H330N68O76S |
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胰岛素原C-肽(55-89),人 | C-Peptide, human | —— | C129H211N35O48 |
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胰岛素,来源于猪胰腺 | Neutral insulin | 12584-58-6 | C256H381N65O76S6 |
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胰岛素 B (20-30) | GERGFFYTPKA | 91921-56-1 | C60H85N15O16 |
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胰岛素 | Insulin | 9004-10-8 | C256H381N65O77S6 |
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胰岛淀粉样多肽(20-29)(人类) | SNNFGAILSS | 118068-30-7 | C43H68N12O16 |
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胰增血糖素-类似的肽I(7-36)酰胺 | Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide | 119637-73-9 | C151H229N41O46 |
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肾上腺髓质素N端20肽(人类) | ARLDVASEFRKKWNKWALSR-NH<sub>2</sub> | 150238-87-2 | C112H178N36O27 |
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肾上腺皮质激素alpha(1-18) | Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-Gly-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-OH | 1285-85-4 | C101H157N33O24S |
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肥大细胞脱粒肽(黑腹胡蜂) | Mastoparan B | 137354-65-5 | C78H138N20O16 |
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肛褶蛙肽 | L-alpha-Aspartyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-glutaminyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-methioninamide | 63968-82-1 | C59H95N15O18S |
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肉豆蔻基-甘氨酰-天冬氨酰精氨酰-异亮氨酰-苯丙氨酰-丙氨酰-天冬氨酰胺酰-亮氨酰-苯丙氨酰-赖氨酰-甘氨酰-亮氨酰-苯丙氨酰-甘氨酰-赖氨酰-谷氨酰胺 | Mgaipaa | 132499-65-1 | C93H146N20O20 |
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羊毛甾-9(11)-烯-18-酮,18,20-环氧-12,17-二羟基-3-[[O--3-O-甲基六吡喃糖基-(1->3)-O-六吡喃糖基-(1->4)-O--6-脱氧六吡喃糖基-(1->2)-4-O-硫代五吡喃糖基]氧代]-,盐(1:1)钠 | delta-Hemolysin | 74838-20-3 | C137H227N33O40S |
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缬氨酰-天冬氨酰-色氨酰-赖氨酰-赖氨酰-异亮氨酰-甘氨酰-谷氨酰胺酰-组氨酰-异亮氨酰-亮氨酰-丝氨酰-缬氨酰-亮氨酰胺 | Polistes mastoparan | 74129-19-4 | C77H127N21O18 |
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绵羊促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 | (4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C205H339N59O63S |
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细菌素 | Bactenecin | 116229-36-8 | C63H118N24O13S2 |
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组胺素1 | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phosphonooxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C217H298N69O64P |
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线粒体衍生肽 | Mots-c | 1627580-64-6 | C101H152N28O22S2 |
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纤维蛋白肽B | EGVNDNEEGFFSAR | 103213-49-6 | C66H95N19O26 |
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索那肽 | Solnatide | 259206-53-6 | C82H119N23O27S2 |
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精氨酰-脯氨酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酰-谷氨酰胺酰-谷氨酰胺酰-对氯-苯丙氨酰-对氯-苯丙氨酰-甘氨酰-亮氨酰-蛋氨酰胺 | Arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-P-chloro-phe-P-chloro-phe-gly-leu-met-NH2 | 73646-81-8 | C63H96Cl2N18O13S |
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精氨酰-精氨酰-促胃泌素片段22-30 | H-Arg-Arg-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-OH | 84424-84-0 | C57H89N17O23 |
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精子活化肽a | Speract | 76901-59-2 | C38H57N11O14 |
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神经降压素 | H-D-Pyr-Leu-D-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-D-Pro-Arg-Arg-D-Pro-Tyr-D-Ile-Leu-OH | 39379-15-2 | C78H121N21O20 |
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神经降压[1-11]肽 | Neurotensin (1-11) | 74032-89-6 | C66H99N19O18 |
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神经节肽(1-13)SpantideI | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-N-[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]pentanediamide | —— | C138H199N35O30 |
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神经肽Y(26-36) | Neuropeptide Y (26-36) | 113676-81-6 | C67H106N22O16 |
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神经肽Y(13-36) | Porcine neuropeptide Y(13-36) | —— | C135H209N41O36 |
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神经肽-Y(猪) | Neuropeptide Y (pig) | 83589-17-7 | C190H286N54O58 |
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神经激肽A-OH | Neurokinin A-OH | 102989-34-4 | C50H79N13O15S |
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神经激肽A | neurokinin A | 86933-74-6 | C50H80N14O14S |
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神经毒素D(najanajareduced)(9CI) | 5-Oxoprolylmethionylalanylvalyllysyllysyltyrosylleucylasparaginylserylvalylleucylthreoninamide | 73073-47-9 | C67H113N17O18S |
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神经介肽U,大鼠 | Neuromedin U, rat | —— | C124H180N34O31 |
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神经介素C肽 | neuromedin C | 81608-30-2 | C50H73N17O11S |
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磺粘菌素 | Sulfomyxin | 1405-52-3 | C53H92N16O13 |
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磷酸化PP60C-SRC(521-533) | H-thr-ser-thr-glu-pro-gln-tyr(po3h2)-gln-pro-gly-glu-asn-leu-oh | 149299-77-4 | C62H95N16O28P |
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硫酸氢3-氯-4-甲基苯胺基正离子 | Neurokinin B, pro(2)-trp(6,8)-nle(10)- | 105869-12-3 | C67H86N14O15 |
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硫酸多粘菌素B | N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide;sulfuric acid | 1405-20-5 | C56H100N16O17S |
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硫酸化蓝肽 | caerulin | 17650-98-5 | C58H73N13O21S2 |
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硫代过氧二磷酸四甲酯 | Collagen I, alpha chain (98-110) | 97653-85-5 | C57H91N19O16 |
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短杆菌肽(短杆菌) | Gramicidin D | 1393-88-0 | C96H135N19O16 |
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盐酸戈那瑞林 | Factrel | 51952-40-0 | C55H76ClN17O13 |
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皮质醇三氟甲磺酸盐 | H-Ser-Gln-Glu-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Met-Thr-Lys-Ala-Asp-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Ser-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ala-NH2.TFA | 121249-14-7 | C207H340F3N59O65S |
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甲状旁腺激素(PTH)(53-84),人类 | H-Lys-Lys-Glu-Asp-Asn-Val-Leu-Val-Glu-Ser-His-Glu-Lys-Ser-Leu-Gly-Glu-Ala-Asp-Lys-Ala-Asp-Val-Asn-Val-Leu-Thr-Lys-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-OH | 89439-30-5 | C149H253N43O54 |
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甲状旁腺激素(1-34)(牛) | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 12583-68-5 | C174H278N54O49S2 |
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甲状旁腺激素(8-34) | H-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Ser-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Glu-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-NH2 | 101026-47-5 | C147H234N46O39S2 |
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甲基脱镁叶绿甲酯酸-a-(己基-醚) | H.Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-D-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met.NH2 | 70533-68-5 | C63H98N18O13S |
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