肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
---|---|---|---|---|
—— | Ac-Ala-Thr-Leu-Asn-Phe-Pro-Ile-Ser-Pro-Ile-Glu-NH2 | 128210-64-0 | C58H91N13O17 |
|
—— | Cdr2.ame(45-50) | 174490-49-4 | C50H74N12O14S2 |
|
—— | Cdr1.ame(17-22) | 187826-35-3 | C51H77N13O15S2 |
|
—— | L-pyroglutamyl-L-thienylalanyl-L-prolinamide | 52968-38-4 | C17H22N4O4S |
|
—— | LRQFLQKSLAAAA-NH2 | 1096485-24-3 | C64H110N20O16 |
|
—— | cetrorelix palmitate | 896710-47-7 | C16H32O2*C70H92ClN17O14 |
|
—— | KWKLFK(Me<sub>3</sub>)KIGAVLKVL-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1236215-77-2 | C92H159N22O15 |
|
—— | KRIVQRIKDFLR | 717919-70-5 | C71H126N24O16 |
|
—— | H-Phe-Val-Pro-Trp-Phe-Ser-Lys-Phe-Leu-Gly-Arg-Ile-Leu-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1021868-11-0 | C83H121N19O14 |
|
—— | CFALKKAMKKVR | 254434-36-1 | C64H115N19O13S2 |
|
—— | aKXAAWTLKAAa | 194039-57-1 | C65H108N16O15 |
|
—— | temporin L | 188713-81-7 | C83H122N20O15 |
|
—— | Dec-Gly-Leu-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ile-Lys-Thr-Leu-Leu-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1443546-31-3 | C64H122N16O12 |
|
—— | Ac-RHYINLITRLRY-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1471195-56-8 | C76H123N25O17 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Arg(Tos)-Arg(Tos)-Arg(Tos)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>6</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>12</sup> | 1173986-62-3 | C143H170Cl4N26O30S3 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Ala-Ala-Ala-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>6</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>12</sup> | 1173986-63-4 | C113H131Cl4N17O24 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Lys(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-52-1 | C118H133Cl5N16O24 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Glu(OcHex)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-60-1 | C115H133Cl4N15O24 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Dap(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-54-3 | C115H127Cl5N16O24 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Arg(Tos)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-53-2 | C117H134Cl4N18O24S |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Phe-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-56-5 | C113H125Cl4N15O22 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Trp-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-57-6 | C115H126Cl4N16O22 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Ser(Bzl)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-55-4 | C114H127Cl4N15O23 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Ala-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-59-8 | C107H121Cl4N15O22 |
|
—— | PAL-1 | 1266778-62-4 | C108H175N33O20S |
|
—— | YGGFMTSEKSQTPLVTL-OH | 61512-77-4 | C83H131N19O27S |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>6</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>12</sup> | 1173986-61-2 | C140H155Cl7N20O30 |
|
—— | cyclic Fmoc-Leu-Thr(Bzl)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab-Dab(2-CIZ)-D-Phe-Leu-Dab(2-CIZ)-Dab(2-CIZ)-Thr(Bzl), containing amide bond between γ-NH2 of Dab<sup>4</sup> and α-COOH of Thr<sup>10</sup> | 1173986-58-7 | C110H127Cl4N15O22 |
|
—— | GLFDIIKKIAESF-NH<sub>2</sub> | 302343-01-7 | C71H114N16O18 |
|
—— | AAVLLPVLLAAP-NH2 | 605655-62-7 | C56H99N13O12 |
|
—— | χ-conotoxin mrIa | —— | C57H85N17O17S4 |
|
—— | KLAKLAKKLAKLAK-NH<sub>2</sub> | 180461-53-4 | C72H139N21O14 |
|
—— | palmitoyl-Gly-Val-Val-Val-Ala-Ala-Ala-Glu-Glu-Glu-OH | 1013921-26-0 | C57H98N10O18 |
|
—— | L-Methioninamide, L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosylglycyl-L-leucyl- | —— | C70H110N20O22S |
|
—— | H-Ile-Leu-Pro-Trp-Lys-Trp-Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro-Trp-Arg-D-Arg-NH2 | —— | C100H132N26O13 |
|
—— | H-Thr-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ala-Ser-Ile-Ile-Trp-Ala-Met-Met-Gln-DL-Asn-OH | —— | C68H109N17O22S2 |
|
—— | Brevinin-1 | 145963-49-1 | C121H202N28O26S2 |
|
—— | Leptin (150-167) (human) | —— | C87H138N22O28S2 |
|
—— | (4S)-5-[2-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[2-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-hydroxy-1-iminohexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-4-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C215H347N61O65S |
|
—— | Brimapitide | 1445179-97-4 | C164H286N66O40 |
|
—— | (Leu31,pro34)-neuropeptide Y (porcine) | 125580-28-1 | C190H286N54O56 |
|
—— | H-Cys(1)-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Pro-Cys(2)-Arg-Lys-DL-Thr-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys(3)-Cys(1)-Ser-Gly-Ser-Cys(2)-Gly-Arg-Arg-Gly-Lys-Cys(3)-NH2 | —— | C106H178N40O32S7 |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-5-hydroxy-5-iminopentanoic acid | —— | C86H125N19O21 |
|
—— | 3-[(1R,6R,9S,12S,15S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33R,36S,39S,45S,48S,53R)-53-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-30-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-9-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-6-carbamoyl-24,45-bis(carboxymethyl)-36-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-48-(hydroxymethyl)-27-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-21-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-8,11,14,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,44,47,50,52-tetradecaoxo-3,4,55,56-tetrathia-7,10,13,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,43,46,49,51-tetradecazatetracyclo[31.17.7.015,19.039,43]heptapentacontan-12-yl]propanoic acid | —— | C71H103N23O25S4 |
|
—— | ACTH (1-39), human | 12279-41-3 | C207H308N56O58S |
|
—— | (4S)-4-amino-5-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C140H214N36O43 |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]butanedioic acid | —— | C165H254N44O55S |
|
—— | 6-amino-2-[[1-[2-[[47-[[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[1-[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-15,39,75,92-tetrakis(4-aminobutyl)-81-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-65-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-33-benzyl-89-butan-2-yl-30,78-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-18-(carboxymethyl)-50-(1-hydroxyethyl)-56-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-21-methyl-27,84-bis(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-2,5,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,48,51,54,57,63,66,74,77,80,83,86,87,90,93,99-heptacosaoxo-9,10,44,45,70,71-hexathia-a,3,6,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,49,52,55,58,64,67,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94-heptacosazapentacyclo[40.30.14.1412,68.058,62.094,98]hectane-7-carbonyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoic acid | —— | C169H278N54O48S8 |
|
—— | 2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[24-[[2-[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]acetyl]amino]-54-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-36,77-dibenzyl-10,27-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-57,60-bis(carboxymethyl)-48,74,83-tris(hydroxymethyl)-30,71-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-86-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-7,80-bis(2-methylpropyl)-33-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-3,6,9,12,18,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,93-hexacosaoxo-51-propan-2-yl-21,22,65,66,90,91-hexathia-2,5,8,11,17,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,94-hexacosazatetracyclo[43.43.4.219,63.013,17]tetranonacontane-68-carbonyl]amino]propanoylamino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]butanedioic acid | —— | C192H274N52O60S7 |
|
—— | Ac-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Val-NH2 | 1609359-28-5 | C52H90N20O12 |
|