肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | 4-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[hydroxy-[1-[2-[[hydroxy-(5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]methylidene]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-4-methylpentylidene]amino]butylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-5-[1-[1-[2-[1-[1-[3-carboxy-1-hydroxy-1-(1-hydroxy-1-imino-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)iminopropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C97H124N20O31S |
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—— | Hypelcin A | 69910-29-8 | C83H141N23O24 |
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—— | Lantibiotic pep5 | 84931-86-2 | C153H258N46O41S6 |
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—— | C Peptide | 59112-80-0 | C112H179N35O46 |
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—— | Cdr1.ame(23-28) | 176434-87-0 | C64H78N14O14S2 |
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—— | Pancreatic polypeptide avian | 58591-52-9 | C190H283N53O58 |
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—— | Tyr-SOMATOSTATIN-28 | 86649-84-5 | C146H216N42O41S3 |
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—— | Splenin | 1416-60-0 | C213H352N60O68 |
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—— | Bombinin-like peptide-2 | 138220-01-6 | C115H194N34O33 |
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—— | Gikqlqarilqverykdqq | 126347-55-5 | C99H169N31O29 |
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—— | Transforming growth factor alpha (human reduced) | 93585-89-8 | C239H354N70O72S6 |
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—— | Suzukacillin | 11017-50-8 | C111H184N26O29 |
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—— | Glycyl-alpha-aspartylphenylalanyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamylisoleucylprolyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamyl-O-sulfotyrosylleucylglutamine | 109528-49-6 | C66H93N13O28S |
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—— | H-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr(SO3H)-Leu-Gln-OH | —— | C66H93N13O28S |
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—— | Peptide 360-373 | 127422-65-5 | C77H121N29O24S |
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—— | H-DL-Glu-DL-Glu-DL-Glu-DL-Glu-DL-Glu-DL-Met-DL-Ala-DL-Val-DL-Val-DL-Pro-DL-Gln-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Phe-DL-Arg-Gly-NH2 | 133605-57-9 | C78H123N21O27S |
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—— | Dwlkafydkvaeklkeaf)2P | 98823-93-9 | C217H319N47O56 |
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—— | Ac-DL-Tyr-Gly-Gly-DL-Phe-DL-Met-DL-xiThr-DL-Ser-DL-Glu-DL-Lys-DL-Ser-DL-Gln-DL-xiThr-DL-Pro-DL-Leu-DL-Val-DL-xiThr-DL-Leu-DL-Phe-DL-Lys-DL-Asn-DL-Ala-DL-xiIle-DL-xiIle-DL-Lys-DL-Asn-DL-Ala-DL-Tyr-OH | 76622-86-1 | C141H219N33O41S |
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—— | 6-amino-2-[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[7-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[21-[[2-[[3-[[15-[[6-amino-2-[[2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-12-(2-carboxyethyl)-9-methylidene-6-(2-methylpropyl)-5,8,11,14-tetraoxo-1-thia-4,7,10,13-tetrazacyclohexadecane-3-carbonyl]amino]-4-methyl-2,9,12-trioxo-5-thia-1,8,11-triazabicyclo[11.3.0]hexadecane-7-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-9-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-6-ethylidene-15,22-dimethyl-12-(2-methylpropyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexaoxo-1-thia-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexazacyclodocosane-3-carbonyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-14-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-8,20-dimethyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,12,15,21-pentaoxo-9,19-dithia-2,5,13,16,22-pentazabicyclo[9.9.2]docosane-17-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]prop-2-enoylamino]hexanoic acid | 1393-38-0 | C148H227N39O38S5 |
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—— | Dwlkafydkvaeklkeaf)2A | 127609-13-6 | C215H317N47O56 |
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—— | Vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28) | 69856-17-3 | C105H180N32O26S |
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—— | Antarelix | 144743-92-0 | C74H100ClN15O14 |
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—— | Kwldafykdvakelekaf | 98791-32-3 | C106H157N23O28 |
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—— | Ac-YTSLIHSLIEESQNQQEKNEQELLELDKWASLANAA-NH2 | 252035-68-0 | C182H287N49O64 |
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—— | Hediislwdqslkpcvkltp | 126319-01-5 | C111H179N27O32S |
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—— | Liraglutide | 204656-20-2 | C172H265N43O51 |
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—— | Bibapcitide | 153507-46-1 | C112H162N36O43S10 |
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—— | H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-D-Trp-Phe-D-Trp-D-Trp-Met-NH(2) | —— | C79H105N21O13S |
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—— | Egrifta | —— | C221H366N72O67S |
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—— | H-Arg-Ile-Leu-Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gln-Gln-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Trp-Gly-Cys-Ser-Gly-Lys-OH | 117137-84-5 | C119H196N34O32S |
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—— | linaclotide | 851199-59-2 | C59H79N15O21S6 |
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—— | Proinsulin C-peptide (human) | 59112-80-0 | C129H211N35O48 |
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—— | Rusalatide | 497221-38-2 | C97H147N29O35S |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C210H314N56O57S |
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—— | Tigapotide triflutate | 848084-84-4 | C84H120F3N21O36S3 |
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—— | Glu-thr-phe-ser-asp-leu-trp-lys-leu-leu-lys-lys-trp-lys-met-arg-arg-asn-gln-phe-trp-val-lys-val-gln-arg-gly | 392661-17-5 | C164H255N47O37S |
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—— | Calpain Inhibitor Peptide | 128578-18-7 | C140H227N35O44S |
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—— | LHRH, N-ac-2-Nal(1)-4-Cl-phe(2)-trp(3)-hci(6)-alanh2(10)- | 120287-83-4 | C74H96ClN17O14 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C66H92N12O25 |
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—— | 3-[(17Z)-7-[[6-[[2-[(6-amino-2-methyl-5-oxo-1,4-thiazepane-3-carbonyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-7-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,12,15,18,21,24,27-octaoxo-13-propan-2-yl-8-thia-1,4,11,14,17,20,23,26-octazabicyclo[26.3.0]hentriacontane-10-carbonyl]amino]-14-butan-2-yl-8,20-dimethyl-23-methylidene-4-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,12,15,21,24,27-heptaoxo-9,19-dithia-2,5,13,16,22,25,28-heptazabicyclo[9.9.8]octacos-17-en-26-yl]propanoic acid | —— | C80H120N20O21S4 |
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—— | (4R,7S,13S,19S,22R,25S,28S,34S,37R)-37-Amino-19-(4-aminobutyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-10,16-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-(hydroxymethyl)-34-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecaoxo-31-(1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethyl)-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecazacyclooctatriacontane-4-carboxylic acid | 68463-41-2 | C73H92N18O16S2 |
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—— | Magainin II, 23-L-serinamide-23 | 114317-44-1 | C114H181N31O28S |
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—— | Bombesin, 3-L-lysine-14 | 66839-66-5 | C71H110N22O18S |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-5-[(2R)-1-[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2R)-1-[(2R)-1-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C120H182N34O36S4 |
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—— | H-Asn-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr(SO3H)-Leu-OH | —— | C65H91N13O28S |
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—— | [2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-(2,3-dihydropyrrol-1-yl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-tetracen-2-yl]-2-oxoethyl] 5-[[(5R)-6-[[1-[[(2S)-1-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-[[(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoate | 179910-83-9 | C95H121N19O26 |
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—— | H-Ile-Ser-Asp-Arg-Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 | 25763-09-1 | C68H95N17O23S3 |
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—— | Fexapotide | 492447-54-8 | C90H163N27O25S |
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—— | L-Proline, L-seryl-L-threonyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-histidylglycyl-L-valyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-threonyl-L-arginyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-prolylglycyl-L-seryl-L-threonyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl- | 209973-83-1 | C100H158N30O35 |
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—— | Fibrin-derived peptide bbeta15-42 | 88650-17-3 | C133H216N44O38 |
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