肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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新抑肌肽 | Neomyosuppressin | 143458-86-0 | C58H86N16O15 |
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拮抗剂多肽BALIXAFORTIDE | Balixafortide | 1051366-32-5 | C84H118N24O21S2 |
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拮抗剂 | Lys-pro-asn-pro-glu-arg-phe-tyr-gly-leu-met-NH2 | 139446-71-2 | C62H95N17O15S |
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拟态弧菌肠毒素 | (4S)-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 100007-57-6 | C72H113N19O24S6 |
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抗菌肽POLYBIA-MP1 | IDWKKLLDAAKQIL-NH2 | 872043-01-1 | C78H132N20O19 |
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抗菌肽A | (4S)-4-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2,6-diamino-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-5-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-hydroxy-1-iminohexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C184H313N53O46 |
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抗敌素 | Colistin | 1066-17-7 | C52H98N16O13 |
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抗利尿激素,N-[N-(N-L-苏氨酰-L-丝氨酰)-L-丙氨酰]-8-L-精氨酸-(9CI) | 10-Thr-11-ser-12-ala-argipressin | 115820-14-9 | C56H82N18O17S2 |
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抑胃肽 | 5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[6-amino-2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[5-amino-2-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[5-amino-2-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C226H338N60O66S |
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成骨生长肽 | ALKRQGRTLYGFGG | 132996-61-3 | C68H110N22O18 |
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戈那瑞林 | Pacap-38 | —— | C203H331N63O53S |
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心钠素II | atriopeptin II | 89139-54-8 | C98H156N34O32S2 |
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心房肽II,大鼠,兔,小鼠 | Atriopeptin II | 98084-69-6 | C141H227N51O42S2 |
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心房利尿钠因子(1-11) | SLRRSSCFGGR | 98897-21-3 | C49H84N20O15S |
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心房利尿钠因子 | Peptide, atrial natriuretic | 88898-17-3 | C128H207N45O39S2 |
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德谷胰岛素 | 16-[[(1S)-4-[[(5S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(1R,6R,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42R,47R,50S,53S,56S,59S,62S,65S,68S,71S,74R,77S,80S,83S,88R)-88-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-47-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]carbamoyl]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-83-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-carboxypentyl]amino]-1-carboxy-4-oxobutyl]amino]-16-oxohexadecanoic acid | 844439-96-9 | C274H411N65O81S6 |
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强啡肽B(1-29) | Dynorphin B (1-29) | 84376-30-7 | C161H236N42O48 |
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强啡肽(1-11) | dynorphin(1-11) | 79985-34-5 | C63H103N21O13 |
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异噻唑并[5,4-d]嘧啶-4(5H)-酮,3-乙基-(9CI) | Cdc2 peptide (9-19) | 142570-54-5 | C55H84N12O16 |
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度莫瑞林 | Dumorelin | 105953-59-1 | C218H362N72O68 |
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己醛,2-甲基-5-羰基-,(2R)- | 55-Tyr-pth (42-55) | 97613-65-5 | C69H116N26O20 |
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尾加压素II | Urotensin II-alpha | 9047-55-6 | C62H84N14O17S2 |
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小脑肽 | Cerebellin | 94071-26-8 | C69H113N23O23 |
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寡肽-10 | Oligopeptide-10 | 466691-40-7 | C78H140N20O15 |
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安替肽 | antide | 112568-12-4 | C82H108ClN17O14 |
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奈西利肽 | Brain Natriuretic Peptide (1-32), human | —— | C143H244N50O42S4 |
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天蚕丝抗菌肽 | Cecropin B | 80451-05-4 | C176H302N52O41S |
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大鼠 | Histidylseryl-alpha-aspartylalanylvalylphenylalanylthreonyl-alpha-aspartylasparaginyltyrosylthreonyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)ornithine | 120928-03-2 | C61H88N18O22 |
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多黏菌素T1 | N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3,12-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | 63700-39-0 | C58H102N16O12 |
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多黏菌素S1 | N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-[[(2R)-3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3,12-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]propan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | —— | C53H91N15O15 |
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多肽物质P | substance P | 33507-63-0 | C63H98N18O13S |
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多粘菌素 | [(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamic acid | 1406-11-7 | C48H82N16O14 |
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多粘环素 | Colimecycline | 58298-92-3 | C122H172N22O40 |
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培西加南醋酸盐 | Pexiganan acetate | 172820-23-4 | C124H214N32O24 |
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埃皮德明 | Epidermin | 99165-17-0 | C98H141N25O23S4 |
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地西卢定 | (2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(1R,6R,9S,12S,15S,18S,24S,27S,33S,36S,39R,44R,47S,53S,56S,59S,67S,73S,76S)-15,76-bis(4-aminobutyl)-44-[[(2S)-2-[[(4R,7S,10S,13S,19S,22S,25S,28R)-28-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-10-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-13-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-22-(2-carboxyethyl)-25-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-19-(hydroxymethyl)-7-(2-methylpropyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27-octaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-octazacyclononacosane-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-12,56,73-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-9,67-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-36-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-18,47-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-24-(carboxymethyl)-27,53-bis(hydroxymethyl)-33-(2-methylpropyl)-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,48,51,54,57,60,62,65,68,71,74,77-tricosaoxo-59-propan-2-yl-3,4,41,42-tetrathia-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,46,49,52,55,58,61,63,66,69,72,75,78-tricosazabicyclo[37.22.17]octaheptacontane-6-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C287H440N80O110S6 |
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地毯海葵毒素 | H-Arg-Ser-Cys(1)-Ile-Asp-aThr-Ile-Pro-Lys-Ser-Arg-Cys(2)-Thr-Ala-Phe-Gln-Cys(3)-Lys-His-Ser-Met-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Ser-Phe-Cys(2)-D-Arg-D-Lys-aThr-Cys(3)-Gly-Thr-Cys(1)-OH | 172450-46-3 | C169H274N54O48S7 |
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地司特泰 | TSLDASIIWAMMQN | 272105-42-7 | C68H109N17O22S2 |
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地加瑞克杂质 | degarelix acetate | 934016-19-0 | C2H4O2*C82H103ClN18O16 |
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噻唑并[5,4-c]吡啶,4,5,6,7-四氢-2-苯基- | Substance P, C-terminal glycine extended | 98093-85-7 | C65H100N18O15S |
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噻唑并[4,5-c]吡啶,2-甲基- | Circulin A | 5854-98-8 | C53H100N16O13 |
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噻唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮,7-甲氧基-,腙(9CI) | Harpin | —— | C38H68N12O14S |
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噻唑-5-甲酰胺 | psbF protein, Chlamydomonas reinhardti | 147651-80-7 | C246H378N58O61S2 |
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噻唑,4-(2-乙基四氢-2-甲基-2H-吡喃-4-基)-2-苯基- | Neurotensin, iodo-tyr(3)- | 88096-15-5 | C78H120IN21O20 |
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噬菌体M2终点蛋白质 | Insulin-like growth factor I (57-70) | 123618-03-1 | C71H119N17O19S |
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噁丙环,2-甲基-,聚合噁丙环,单(2-丙基庚基)醚 | Toxin C(13)S(1)C(3) | 74504-52-2 | C296H458N82O76S6 |
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嗜铬粒蛋白A-衍生肽 | Trp-ser-lys-met-asp-gln-leu-ala-lys-glu-leu-thr-ala-glu | 115136-18-0 | C72H116N18O24S |
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咽侧体抑制素VI | Ala-pro-ser-gly-ala-gln-arg-leu-tyr-gly-phe-gly-leu-NH2 | 123209-95-0 | C61H94N18O16 |
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吡啶,2-[2-(4,5-二氢-1H-咪唑-2-基)肼基]- | 2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[[1-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[1,5-dihydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethylideneamino)-2-methylpropylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-N-[1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl]pentanediimidic acid | —— | C91H149N23O24 |
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吉拉克肽 | Gly-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-Gly-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-NH2 | 24870-04-0 | C100H156N34O22S |
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