肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
---|---|---|---|---|
—— | Ac-DL-Cys(1)-DL-His-DL-Ser-Gly-DL-Tyr-DL-Val-Gly-DL-Val-DL-Arg-DL-Cys(1)-NH2 | —— | C46H70N16O13S2 |
|
—— | H-DL-Pyr-DL-Phe-DL-Trp-DL-Ser-DL-Tyr-DL-Ala-DL-Leu-DL-Arg-DL-Pro-Gly-NH2 | —— | C59H79N15O13 |
|
—— | 31-amino-7-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-25-(hydroxymethyl)-19-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-28-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30-nonaoxo-10,16-di(propan-2-yl)-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonazacyclodotriacontane-4-carboxylic acid | —— | C44H67N15O13S2 |
|
—— | [(4S)-5-[(2S)-2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-[[(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentyl]-(diaminomethylidene)azanium | —— | C55H76N17O13+ |
|
—— | NH2-Ala196-Gly-Glu-Arg-Ile-Val-Asp-Ile-Ile-Ala206-CONH2 | —— | C46H82N14O14 |
|
—— | Asp-Asp-Ile-Val-Pro-Cys-Ser-Met-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Trp | —— | C62H89N13O21S2 |
|
—— | Ac-D-Lys-Gly-D-Ser-D-Leu-D-Val-D-Ile-D-Arg-Gly-D-Val-D-Ile-D-Val-D-Val-D-Cys | —— | C62H113N17O15S |
|
—— | (1R,4S,7R,12R,15S,18R,21S,24S,27S,30S)-7-amino-21-benzyl-24,27,30-tris(3-guanidinopropyl)-4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-isopropyl-3,6,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-nonaoxo-9,10,34,35-tetrathia-2,5,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-nonazabicyclo[16.14.4]hexatriacontane-12-carboxamide | —— | C53H82N20O11S4 |
|
—— | Ac-Asp-D-Glu-Leu-Glu-Cha-Cys-Pro-Cha-Asp-Leu-NH2 | —— | C56H91N11O18S |
|
—— | Ac-Asp-D-Glu-Glu-Leu-Ile-Cha-Cys-Pro-beta-Cyclohexylalanine-Asp-Leu-Pro | —— | C79H125N15O21S |
|
—— | (2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-3-phenyl-propanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | —— | C51H82N18O14 |
|
—— | V3 Loop Synthetic Peptide, TKGPGRVIYATGQ | —— | C59H98N18O18 |
|
—— | Clarithromycin & IKFLKFLKFL | —— | C107H178N14O24 |
|
—— | H-Gln-Val-Pro-Leu-Arg-Pro-Met-Thr-Tyr-Lys-OH | —— | C56H93N15O14S |
|
—— | H-Ala-Arg-Thr-Lys(Me)-Gln-Thr-Ala-Arg-Lys-Tyr-OH | —— | C53H93N19O15 |
|
—— | H-DL-Val-DL-Leu-DL-Ser-DL-Asn-DL-Asp-DL-Val-DL-Cys-DL-Ala-DL-Gln-DL-Val-OH | —— | C43H74N12O16S |
|
—— | 2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[2-[[6-Amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-(2-aminopropanoylamino)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-hydroxy-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]butanedioic acid | —— | C48H77N11O18 |
|
—— | STAT3 inhibitor peptide | —— | C92H157N20O24P |
|
—— | H-DL-Gln-DL-Phe-DL-xiThr-DL-Asn-DL-Val-DL-Ser-DL-Cys(1)-DL-xiThr-DL-xiThr-DL-Ser-DL-Lys-DL-Glu-DL-Cys(2)-DL-Trp-DL-Ser-DL-Val-DL-Cys(3)-DL-Gln-DL-Arg-DL-Leu-DL-His-DL-Asp-DL-xiThr-DL-Ser-DL-Arg-Gly-DL-Lys-DL-Cys(1)-DL-Met-DL-Asn-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-Cys(2)-DL-Arg-DL-Cys(3)-DL-Tyr-DL-Ser-OH | —— | C176H279N57O56S7 |
|
—— | H-Gly-Ser-N(octanoyl)Ser-Phe-Leu-Ser-DL-Pro-Glu-His-Gln-Arg-Val-Gln-Gln-Arg-Lys-Glu-Ser-Lys-Lys-DL-Pro-DL-Pro-Ala-Lys-Leu-Gln-D-Pro-Arg-OH | —— | C149H249N47O42 |
|
—— | H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-DL-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 | —— | C63H98N18O13S |
|
—— | Microperoxidase(mp-11)sodium | —— | C80H110FeN24Na2O21S4 |
|
—— | 2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[16-[[6-amino-2-[[5-amino-2-[(2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-29,33-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-3,13,20,22,28,34,40-heptamethyl-9,12,15-trioxo-4,5,18,19-tetrathia-8,11,14,24,26,31,36,38,39,41,42-undecazahexacyclo[21.15.1.12,37.127,30.132,35.021,25]dotetraconta-1,21,23(39),24,26,28,30,32(41),33,35,37(40)-undecaene-7-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid | —— | C80H114N24O21S4 |
|
—— | Prepro VIP (156-170) (human) | —— | C71H106N16O31 |
|
—— | TRDIYETDYYRK | —— | C72H107N19O24 |
|
—— | KRPAGFSPFR | —— | C54H83N17O12 |
|
—— | [Ala9,10, Lys11,12] Glycogen Synthase (1-12) | —— | C56H103N17O16 |
|
—— | (2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[(2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoic acid | —— | C59H113N29O16 |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-N-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-1-imino-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]iminopropan-2-yl]iminohexan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]butanediimidic acid | —— | C86H137N25O25 |
|
—— | (Tyr0)-fibrinopeptide A | —— | C72H106N20O28 |
|
—— | Vasoactive intestinaloctacosapeptide(swine),2-D-phenylalanine-(9ci) | —— | C153H242N44O41S |
|
—— | H-Cys-Lys-Gln-Leu-Gln-Lys-Asp-Lys-Gln-Val-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Thr-His-Arg-OH | —— | C85H144N30O24S |
|
—— | (D-Ser4,D-Trp6)-LHRH | —— | C64H82N18O13 |
|
—— | H-Thr-thr-tyr-ala-asp-phe-ile-ala-ser-gly-arg-thr-gly-arg-arg-asn-ala-ile-NH2 | —— | C84H137N29O26 |
|
—— | (D-Trp2,7,9)-substance P | —— | C80H109N21O13S |
|
—— | Val-Asp-(Arg8)-Vasopressin | —— | C55H79N17O16S2 |
|
—— | (Tyr0)-C-Peptide (dog) | —— | C146H234N38O51 |
|
—— | Beta-Lipotropin (1-10), porcine | —— | C42H66N10O15 |
|
—— | (1S,4S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28R,31S,37S,40S,44R,47S,50S,53S,56R,65S,70S)-44-amino-47-(4-aminobutyl)-4,16,22-tribenzyl-31-[(S)-carboxy(hydroxy)methyl]-2,5,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,48,51,54,57,67-heptadecahydroxy-37-(2-hydroxy-2-iminoethyl)-50-(3-hydroxy-3-iminopropyl)-70-methyl-8-oxo-25-propan-2-yl-42,69,72-trithia-3,6,9,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,46,49,52,55,58,60,66-nonadecazapentacyclo[38.18.9.319,56.328,53.09,13]triheptaconta-2,5,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,48,51,54,57,66-heptadecaene-65-carboxylic acid | —— | C88H123N23O25S3 |
|
—— | Enterotoxin STp (E. coli) | —— | C81H110N20O26S6 |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoic acid | —— | C56H95N17O14S |
|
—— | zinc;5-amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[4,6-diamino-2-[4-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol;N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methylheptanamide;4-[[2-[[2-(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-butan-2-yl-6-(carboxylatomethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoate;sulfuric acid | —— | C144H247N39O50S3Zn |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid | —— | C71H115N21O24S2 |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]butanedioic acid | —— | C48H75N13O18S |
|
—— | (4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C59H94N16O19S |
|
—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid | —— | C60H94N14O20S3 |
|
—— | zinc;N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide;4-[[2-[[2-(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-butan-2-yl-6-(carboxylatomethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoate;sulfuric acid | —— | C122H201N33O33S2Zn |
|
—— | H-DL-Pyr-DL-Gln-DL-Arg-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Asn-DL-Gln-DL-Trp-DL-Ala-DL-Val-Gly-DL-Phe-DL-Leu-DL-Met-NH2 | —— | C77H110N22O19S |
|
—— | N-[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[2-[[1-[[1-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-2-[5-(2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoylamino]pentanediamide | —— | C65H92N20O15S |
|
—— | N-[1-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[6-amino-1-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[(1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-2-[(2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl)amino]butanediamide | —— | C71H133N19O15 |
|