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多肽

肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。

例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。

近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。

在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。

肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。

生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— H-Asp-Phe-Glu-Ala-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ala-Tyr(SO3H)-Leu-OH —— C53H76N10O19S
H-Asp-Phe-Glu-Ala-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ala-Tyr(SO3H)-Leu-OH
—— H-Ser-Ser-Leu-Glu-Asn-Phe-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val-OH —— C50H73N11O17
H-Ser-Ser-Leu-Glu-Asn-Phe-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val-OH
—— Rinnipaseamm —— C55H95N17O18S2
Rinnipaseamm
—— Rinaipwseamm —— C62H99N17O17S2
Rinaipwseamm
—— Ksrvlaiams —— C46H86N14O13S
Ksrvlaiams
—— (2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-3-phenyl-propanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-pentanoic acid —— C52H86N16O15
(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-3-phenyl-propanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-pentanoic acid
—— H-Gly-Arg-Pro-Arg-Thr-Thr-Ser-Phe-Ala-Glu-OH —— C47H76N16O16
H-Gly-Arg-Pro-Arg-Thr-Thr-Ser-Phe-Ala-Glu-OH
—— [Pro9] Substance P 104486-69-3 C66H102N18O13S
[Pro9] Substance P
—— (2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid —— C24H43N5O5
(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-6-[[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid
—— H-Phe-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ile-Leu-Arg-Lys-Ile-Val-Thr-Ala-Leu-NH2 —— C72H129N19O14
H-Phe-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ile-Leu-Arg-Lys-Ile-Val-Thr-Ala-Leu-NH2
—— Ac-Aib-Gly-Ala-Leu-Aib-Gln-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gly-Iva-Aib-Pro-Leu-Aib-Aib-Gln-DL-Leu-ol —— C81H142N20O21
Ac-Aib-Gly-Ala-Leu-Aib-Gln-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gly-Iva-Aib-Pro-Leu-Aib-Aib-Gln-DL-Leu-ol
—— H-D-Leu-Ala-Thr-D-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-2Thi-Ile-D-Leu-NH2 —— C65H110N16O13S
H-D-Leu-Ala-Thr-D-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-2Thi-Ile-D-Leu-NH2
—— H-Cys-Thr-Lys-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Pro-Ile-Leu-Lys-Asn-Cys-Lys-Leu-OH —— C73H126N18O18S2
H-Cys-Thr-Lys-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Pro-Ile-Leu-Lys-Asn-Cys-Lys-Leu-OH
—— 2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(Z)-dec-3-enoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid;iron —— C51H87FeN13O20
2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(Z)-dec-3-enoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid;iron
—— H-Glu-Pro-Gln-Tyr(PO3H2)-Glu-Glu-xiIle-Pro-xiIle-Tyr-Leu-OH —— C66H97N12O24P
H-Glu-Pro-Gln-Tyr(PO3H2)-Glu-Glu-xiIle-Pro-xiIle-Tyr-Leu-OH
—— H-Ala-Thr-Thr-Glu-Asn-Cys-Ala-Thr-Thr-Glu-Asn-Cys-OH —— C46H76N14O23S2
H-Ala-Thr-Thr-Glu-Asn-Cys-Ala-Thr-Thr-Glu-Asn-Cys-OH
—— H-Arg-Ala-Cha-His-Thr-Thr-Gly-Orn-xiIle-D-Val-OH —— C50H88N16O13
H-Arg-Ala-Cha-His-Thr-Thr-Gly-Orn-xiIle-D-Val-OH
—— H-Met-Gln-Thr-Thr-Thr-Leu-Asn-Trp-Asp-Thr-OH —— C51H79N13O19S
H-Met-Gln-Thr-Thr-Thr-Leu-Asn-Trp-Asp-Thr-OH
—— Tyr-Ser-Phe-Lys-Asp-Met-Gln-Leu-Ala-Arg —— C56H87N15O16S
Tyr-Ser-Phe-Lys-Asp-Met-Gln-Leu-Ala-Arg
—— H-Cys-Lys-Val-Pro-Val-Ser-Lys-Gly-Gln-Leu-Lys-Cys-OH —— C55H100N16O15S2
H-Cys-Lys-Val-Pro-Val-Ser-Lys-Gly-Gln-Leu-Lys-Cys-OH
—— H-Glu-His-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gln-Arg-Lys-Glu-OH —— C52H88N20O18
H-Glu-His-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gln-Arg-Lys-Glu-OH
—— H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe(4-Cl)-Phe(4-Cl)-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 —— C63H96Cl2N18O13S
H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe(4-Cl)-Phe(4-Cl)-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2
—— H-Asn-Gln-Trp-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-Leu-D-Trp-OH —— C67H93N15O13
H-Asn-Gln-Trp-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-Leu-D-Trp-OH
—— H-Phe-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ser-Leu-Phe-Ser-Arg-Leu-Leu-NH2 —— C74H121N17O15
H-Phe-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ser-Leu-Phe-Ser-Arg-Leu-Leu-NH2
—— H-Glu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Lys-Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly-Pro-OH —— C58H91N15O19
H-Glu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Lys-Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly-Pro-OH
—— 2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(Z)-dec-3-enoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid —— C51H87N13O20
2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(Z)-dec-3-enoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid
—— H-Met-Asp-Val-Phe-Met-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Met-Ala-OH —— C53H88N12O15S3
H-Met-Asp-Val-Phe-Met-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Met-Ala-OH
—— H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Asp-Asn-Ile-Val-Thr-Ala-Gln-OH —— C45H70N12O17
H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Asp-Asn-Ile-Val-Thr-Ala-Gln-OH
—— H-Ala-Met-His-Asp-Lys-Lys-Ile-Asp-Ile-Leu-OH —— C52H90N14O15S
H-Ala-Met-His-Asp-Lys-Lys-Ile-Asp-Ile-Leu-OH
—— H-Ser-Ala-His-Gly-Thr-Ser-Thr-Gly-Val-Arg-Gly-Pro-OH —— C45H75N17O17
H-Ser-Ala-His-Gly-Thr-Ser-Thr-Gly-Val-Arg-Gly-Pro-OH
—— (2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoic acid —— C41H74N10O11S
(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoic acid
—— H-Val-Gly-Met-Gly-Glu-Lys-Asp-Ser-Thr-Val-OH —— C41H71N11O17S
H-Val-Gly-Met-Gly-Glu-Lys-Asp-Ser-Thr-Val-OH
—— H-Lys-Gly-Trp-Leu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Phe-His-Lys-Lys-NH2 —— C69H109N19O12
H-Lys-Gly-Trp-Leu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Phe-His-Lys-Lys-NH2
—— KLA seq —— C90H169N23O19
KLA seq
—— H-Leu-Met-Ala-Leu-Met-Lys-Lys-Arg-Asn-Gln-Lys-Thr-OH —— C62H116N20O16S2
H-Leu-Met-Ala-Leu-Met-Lys-Lys-Arg-Asn-Gln-Lys-Thr-OH
—— (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-3-methyl-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-1-(2-methyl-3-oxotetradecanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoic acid —— C80H140N20O20
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-3-methyl-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-2-[[(2S)-1-(2-methyl-3-oxotetradecanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoic acid
—— H-Orn-Orn-Leu-Phe-Orn-Glu-Leu-Orn-Orn-Ser-Leu-Orn-Orn-Tyr-OH —— C79H135N21O19
H-Orn-Orn-Leu-Phe-Orn-Glu-Leu-Orn-Orn-Ser-Leu-Orn-Orn-Tyr-OH
—— H-Met-Ile-Ile-Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Phe-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Ala-OH —— C80H125N13O16S
H-Met-Ile-Ile-Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Phe-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Ala-OH
—— H-Ser-Ala-Glu-Arg-Thr-Asp-Arg-Lys-Leu-Asn-Tyr-OH —— C56H93N19O20
H-Ser-Ala-Glu-Arg-Thr-Asp-Arg-Lys-Leu-Asn-Tyr-OH
—— H-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Arg-Glu-Pro-Val-OH —— C72H117N19O16
H-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Arg-Glu-Pro-Val-OH
—— Ac-Gly-Gly-Ser-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Gly-Arg-Ile-Ile-Leu-Ser-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH —— C73H133N23O20
Ac-Gly-Gly-Ser-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Gly-Arg-Ile-Ile-Leu-Ser-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH
—— H-Thr-Val-His-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ile-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Leu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-OH —— C72H123N19O25
H-Thr-Val-His-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ile-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Leu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-OH
—— (6S)-7-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-propan-2-ylhexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-7-oxoheptanoic acid —— C62H104N22O20
(6S)-7-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-propan-2-ylhexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-7-oxoheptanoic acid
—— H-Ala-Asn-Phe-Thr-Phe-Phe-Lys-Leu-Met-Pro-Val-Ser-OH —— C68H100N14O16S
H-Ala-Asn-Phe-Thr-Phe-Phe-Lys-Leu-Met-Pro-Val-Ser-OH
—— H-Met-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Glu-Pro-Glu-Glu-Thr-Ala-Ala-OH —— C64H104N16O26S
H-Met-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Glu-Pro-Glu-Glu-Thr-Ala-Ala-OH
—— H-Met-Glu-Lys-Thr-Pro-Ser-Leu-Leu-Lys-Ile-Gln-Asn-OH —— C61H108N16O19S
H-Met-Glu-Lys-Thr-Pro-Ser-Leu-Leu-Lys-Ile-Gln-Asn-OH
—— H-Val-Val-Pro-Val-His-Trp-Ser-Arg-Gly-Val-Val-Leu-OH —— C64H102N18O14
H-Val-Val-Pro-Val-His-Trp-Ser-Arg-Gly-Val-Val-Leu-OH
—— zinc;(4R)-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-4-methyl-2-[[2-(2-methylbutanoyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid —— C66H100N16O18SZn+2
zinc;(4R)-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-4-methyl-2-[[2-(2-methylbutanoyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
—— H-Leu-Val-Ala-Glu-Ile-Ile-Leu-Thr-Thr-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala-Val-Cys-Met-OH —— C82H147N17O22S2
H-Leu-Val-Ala-Glu-Ile-Ile-Leu-Thr-Thr-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala-Val-Cys-Met-OH
—— H-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Leu-Cys-Tyr-Val-Lys-Gln-Glu-NH2 —— C65H102N16O20S2
H-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Leu-Cys-Tyr-Val-Lys-Gln-Glu-NH2