肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | YEVHHQKLVFF | 152286-31-2 | C71H99N17O16 |
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—— | Somatostatin, >=97% (HPLC), powder | —— | C76H104N18O19S2 |
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—— | Pth (13-34) (human) | 81306-64-1 | C125H199N39O33S |
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—— | H-Glu-Lys-Ser-Leu-Gly-Glu-Ala-Asp-Lys-Ala-Asp-Val-Asp-Val-Leu-Thr-Lys-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-OH | 133448-19-8 | C94H162N26O36 |
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—— | (4S)-4-amino-5-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 154040-19-4 | C141H235N39O49 |
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—— | H-D-Arg-D-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-D-Trp-Phe-D-Trp-Leu-Leu-NH2.CH3CO2H | 143077-65-0 | C77H112N20O15 |
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—— | Glycyl-L-valyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-asparaginyl-L-valyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-glutamine--trifluoroacetic acid (1/1) | 136831-50-0 | C114H195F3N30O33 |
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—— | H-Lys-Gln-Phe-Ile-Asn-Met-Trp-Gln-Glu-Val-Gly-Lys-Ala-Met-Tyr-Ala-Pro-Pro-OH | 129318-38-3 | C99H148N24O25S2 |
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—— | Hydrin 1' | 148440-73-7 | C51H81N17O15S2 |
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—— | SARS Protease Substrate | 587886-51-9 | C66H119N21O22S |
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—— | (Biotinyl-Gln1)-LHRH | 218433-98-8 | C65H92N20O15S |
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—— | H-Gly-DL-Phe-DL-Lys-DL-Asn-DL-Val-DL-Glu-DL-Met-DL-Met-DL-xiThr-DL-Ala-DL-Arg-Gly-DL-Phe-NH2 | 120928-88-3 | C65H103N19O17S2 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C180H288N58O47 |
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—— | (Val671)-Amyloid b/A4 Protein Precursor770 (667-676) | 252256-43-2 | C51H82N14O18 |
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—— | L-Phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-isoleucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-L-asparaginyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-glutamine | —— | C120H194N36O34 |
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—— | Autocamtide 2 | 129198-88-5 | C65H118N22O20 |
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—— | M Protein epitope OF group A streptococci | 152044-86-5 | C99H175N33O33 |
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—— | 2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2,6-diamino-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]acetic acid | —— | C80H138N26O24S2 |
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—— | beta-Amyloid (1-11) | 190436-05-6 | C56H76N16O22 |
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—— | L-Lysyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-L-valylglycyl-L-alanylglycylglycyl-L-valine | 195436-37-4 | C41H75N11O11 |
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—— | Glycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serine | 181701-44-0 | C24H39N11O14 |
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—— | L-Lysyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-leucylglycine | 494804-21-6 | C48H94N18O11 |
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—— | L-Serylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycylglycine | 501417-84-1 | C22H36N10O13 |
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—— | Glycyl-L-valyl-L-prolylglycyl-L-valylglycyl-L-valyl-L-prolylglycyl-L-valine | 695815-77-1 | C38H64N10O11 |
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—— | L-Serylglycyl-L-serylglycyl-L-serylglycyl-L-serylglycyl-L-serylglycine | 653564-29-5 | C25H42N10O16 |
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—— | Glycyl-L-lysylglycylglycyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-lysylglycylglycine | 627863-65-4 | C38H70N14O12 |
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—— | Glycylglycyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycine | 847803-99-0 | C27H46N14O13 |
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—— | Glycyl-L-seryl-L-threonyl-L-serylglycyl-L-serylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-prolylglycine | 845754-59-8 | C32H55N11O15 |
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—— | N~5~-(Diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-tryptophylglycylglycyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithine | 832697-16-2 | C37H57N17O11 |
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—— | N~5~-(Diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithylglycylglycyl-L-tryptophylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-N~5~-(diaminomethylidene)-L-ornithine | 832697-15-1 | C37H57N17O11 |
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—— | Glycylglycylglycyl-L-seryl-L-serylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycylglycine | 824950-85-8 | C25H41N11O15 |
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—— | Glycylglycyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-alanylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinylglycine | 919285-70-4 | C29H48N10O11S |
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—— | L-Prolylglycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycine | 571186-35-1 | C28H46N10O12 |
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—— | Glycylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycylglycylglycylglycine | 583058-75-7 | C23H37N11O12S |
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—— | Glycyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycyl-L-cysteinylglycine | 583819-49-2 | C23H38N10O13S |
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—— | Glycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-alanine | 560114-83-2 | C25H42N10O11 |
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—— | Glycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-valylglycyl-L-leucylglycylglycine | 929522-04-3 | C29H50N10O11 |
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—— | Ac-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-Lys-D-Phe-NH2 | 1392101-11-9 | C122H173N25O17 |
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—— | Lusupultide | 200074-80-2 | C182H310N40O35 |
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—— | DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQ | —— | C78H107N25O27 |
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—— | L-Lysyl-L-alanyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-L-threonyl-L-alanyl-L-lysine | 86579-06-8 | C84H144N24O25 |
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—— | L-Tryptophyl-L-arginyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-tyrosineTFASalt | 955091-53-9 | C58H79N15O16 |
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—— | L-Seryl-L-cysteinyl-L-seryl-L-leucyl-L-prolyl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-serylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-serinamide | 258276-95-8 | C64H109N19O24S |
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—— | Scrambled 10Panx | 1315378-72-3 | C58H79N15O16 |
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—— | Cardiotoxin F8 (Najanaja reduced) | 56574-46-0 | C289H487N79O80S11 |
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—— | 3-[(3S,12S,17S,20S,23S,26S,29S,32S)-26-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-(carboxymethyl)-17-[[3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl)sulfanyl-3-oxopropyl]carbamoyl]-20-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,19,22,25,28,31-decaoxo-23-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,18,21,24,27,30-decazabicyclo[30.3.0]pentatriacontan-29-yl]propanoic acid | 1408311-00-1 | C49H77N11O20S |
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—— | 3-[(3S,6S,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,35S)-6-(4-aminobutyl)-27-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-30-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-35-[[3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl)sulfanyl-3-oxopropyl]carbamoyl]-21-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-24-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecaoxo-12-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclopentatriacont-15-yl]propanoic acid | 1408311-01-2 | C65H100N16O19S2 |
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—— | [Phe(p-OMe)<sup>1</sup>]-alloferon | 1421595-85-8 | C56H80N20O17 |
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—— | 2-[4-[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-4-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-1H-quinolin-7-yl)amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetic acid | 1415099-95-4 | C75H97N29O19 |
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—— | Aivvggvmlgiiagknsgvdeaffvlkqhhveygsdhrfead | 317366-82-8 | C203H311N55O60S |
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