肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | Ac-Leu-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Ser-Thr-Ser-Pro-Gly-Tyr-Ser-NH2 | 1186032-52-9 | C55H83N15O18 |
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—— | (4R)-4-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-3-carboxy-1-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethylideneamino)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-5-[(2R)-6-amino-1-[(2R)-1-[(2R)-6-amino-1-[(2R)-4-carboxy-1-hydroxy-1-[(2R)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2R)-1-hydroxy-1-imino-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]iminopropan-2-yl]iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | 452782-06-8 | C114H156N24O28 |
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—— | (4S)-5-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-hydroxy-1-[(2S,3S)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-1-imino-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-3-methylpentan-2-yl]iminohexan-2-yl]imino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-[[N-[2-[2-[4-[[3-[3-[5-hydroxy-4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)-2-oxopyrrol-3-yl]indol-1-yl]propyl-methylamino]methyl]triazol-1-yl]ethoxy]ethyl]carbamimidoyl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxy-4-(1-hydroxyethylideneamino)pentanoic acid | 1226853-64-0 | C107H163N31O21 |
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—— | H-Tyr-Phe-Ile-Gln-Ala-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Gln-Lys-NH2 | 1332707-89-7 | C55H83N15O16S |
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—— | Rhodotorucine A | 66106-15-8 | C73H108N16O18S |
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—— | H-Asp-Glu-Pro-Lys-Pro-Asp-Gln-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 | 73774-82-0 | C61H95N15O19S |
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—— | H-Arg-Leu-D-Cys(1)-DL-Arg-DL-xiIle-DL-Val-Val-D-xiIle-D-Arg-D-Val-D-Cys(1)-D-Arg-OH | —— | C63H118N24O13S2 |
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—— | N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3,12-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | —— | C58H102N16O12 |
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—— | AYEMWCFHQK | 1160625-26-2 | C62H83N15O15S2 |
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—— | N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-[[(2R)-3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-3,12-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]propan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide | —— | C50H93N15O15 |
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—— | L-Alanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-lysyl-L-methionyl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-aspartic acid | 137181-56-7 | C85H144N26O28S |
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—— | Leu<sup>15</sup>-gastrin I | 39024-57-2 | C98H126N20O31 |
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—— | H-Ala-Ser-Gly-Gln-Cys-Thr-Cys-Ser-Gly-Cys-Gly-Lys-OH | 131453-07-1 | C39H68N14O17S3 |
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—— | H-Gly-Gln-Cys-Thr-Cys-Ser-Gly-Cys-Gly-Lys-OH | 131453-06-0 | C33H58N12O14S3 |
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—— | N(1)Lys-Asn-Phe-DL-Phe-D-Trp-DL-Lys-D-Thr-D-Tyr-D-Thr-D-Ser-D-Asu(1)-OH | —— | C73H99N15O18 |
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—— | H-Phe-Gly-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Pro-Ala-Ser-OH | 67321-17-9 | C69H102N18O15 |
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—— | (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-[1-(2-phosphonoethyl)triazol-4-yl]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-[1-(2-phosphonoethyl)triazol-4-yl]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid | 1421510-91-9 | C71H117N23O33P2 |
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—— | H-D-Phe-Pro-Val-Orn-Leu-Orn-Val-D-Phe-Pro-Leu-Orn-Val-Orn-Leu-OH | 1258942-51-6 | C81H134N18O15 |
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—— | H-D-Trp-D-Trp-D-xiThr-D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Pro-D-Ser-D-xiThr-D-Leu-D-Trp-D-Glu-D-Arg-D-Lys-OH | —— | C96H129N21O20 |
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—— | Peptide yy human | 118997-30-1 | C194H295N55O57 |
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—— | Unii-8631NP8608 | 1191386-50-1 | C102H140F6N24O37 |
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—— | Somatotropin (1-29)amide, nle(27)- | 91869-58-8 | C150H248N44O42 |
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—— | L-Methioninamide, L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosylglycyl-L-leucyl- | —— | C62H95N17O15S |
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—— | (VIP-neurotensin) hybrid antagonist | 125093-93-8 | C154H257N49O40S |
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—— | (4S)-5-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C158H265N49O43 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C152H222N38O50 |
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—— | 11H-10,7:17,14-Dinitrilo-7H-pyrrolo(2,1-i)(1,17,4,7,10,13,20)dithiapentaazacyclotricosine-6-propanamide, 1,2,3,4,5,6,12,13,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,25a-hexadecahydro-20-(1-methylethyl)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,11,18,21-pentaoxo-, (3S-(3R*,6R*,20R*,25aR*))- | 80387-90-2 | C29H40N8O6S2 |
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—— | Ac-Leu-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Asn-Ala-Ser(PO3H2)-Ser-Pro-Gly-Tyr-Ser-NH2 | 1186032-55-2 | C58H88N17O22P |
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—— | H-Phe-Ala-Thr-Met-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Ser(1)-Asp-Ser-Asp(1)-Glu-OH | 1240360-43-3 | C60H85N15O22S |
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—— | Allatotropin | 75831-28-6 | C65H103N19O17S2 |
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—— | H-Pyr-Asp-Val-Asp-His-Val-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 | —— | C59H84N16O15 |
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—— | KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR | 345351-27-1 | C72H126N20O23 |
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—— | chicken neurotensin | 74886-21-8 | C73H119N23O17 |
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—— | Cerexin C | 62031-44-1 | C62H101N15O18 |
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—— | H-DL-Phe-DL-Val-DL-Asn-DL-Gln-DL-His-DL-Leu-DL-Cys(1)-Gly-DL-Ser-DL-His-DL-Leu-DL-Val-DL-Glu-DL-Ala-DL-Leu-DL-Tyr-DL-Leu-DL-Val-DL-Cys(2)-Gly-DL-Glu-DL-Arg-Gly-DL-Phe-DL-Phe-DL-Tyr-DL-xiThr-DL-Asp-DL-Lys-DL-xiThr-OH.H-Gly-DL-xiIle-DL-Val-DL-Glu-DL-Gln-DL-Cys(3)-DL-Cys(1)-DL-xiThr-DL-Ser-DL-xiIle-DL-Cys(3)-DL-Ser-DL-Leu-DL-Tyr-DL-Gln-DL-Leu-DL-Glu-DL-Asn-DL-Tyr-DL-Cys(2)-DL-Asn-OH | —— | C256H381N65O79S6 |
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—— | Human neutral insulin | —— | C257H383N65O77S6 |
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—— | yaku'amide A | 1259475-27-8 | C83H145N15O18 |
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—— | YIIKGVFWDPAC(BC5)-OCH3 | 1268364-77-7 | C89H118N14O18S |
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—— | (2S)-2-amino-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2R)-1-amino-3-[2-[(3',6'-dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9'-xanthene]-5-yl)carbamothioylamino]ethyldisulfanyl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-5-carbamimidamidopentanamide | 1279718-65-8 | C76H123N37O15S3 |
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—— | Apidaecin Ia | 123081-48-1 | C95H150N32O23 |
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—— | Ac-Aib-Pro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Gln-Aib-Val-Aib-Gly-Leu-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-Aib-Glu-Gln-D-Phe-ol | 27061-78-5 | C92H150N22O25 |
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—— | [Cys(Acm)(2,7)]-α-conotoxin SI | 151865-07-5 | C61H96N18O18S4 |
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—— | phenacyl N-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2R)-3-(acetamidomethylsulfanyl)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-3-(acetamidomethylsulfanyl)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-[[methyl(phenacyloxycarbonyl)amino]methylsulfanyl]propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxobutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-6-azidohexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-amino-3-oxopropyl]sulfanylmethyl]-N-methylcarbamate | 1314096-90-6 | C83H118N22O24S4 |
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—— | Fmoc-IC(N-acetamidomethyl)C(N-methyl-phenacyloxycarbamidomethyl)NPAC(N-acetamidomethyl)GPK(N3)YSC(N-methyl-phenacyloxycarbamidomethyl)-NH2 | 1314096-89-3 | C98H128N22O26S4 |
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—— | IC(N-acetamidomethyl)CNPAC(N-acetamidomethyl)GPKYSC-NH2 | 151865-06-4 | C61H98N18O18S4 |
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—— | (3S,6S,9S,11Z,14S,17S,23S,26S,29S)-9-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-aminobutyl)-N-[(2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-17,23-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-26-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,16,19,22,25,28-octaoxo-1,4,7,15,18,21,24,27-octazabicyclo[27.3.0]dotriacont-11-ene-14-carboxamide | 1294010-89-1 | C56H91N17O14S |
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—— | (3S,6S,9S,14S,17S,20S,23S,26S)-9-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-aminobutyl)-N-[(2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-17,20-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-23-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,16,19,22,25-heptaoxo-1,4,7,15,18,21,24-heptazabicyclo[24.3.0]nonacosane-14-carboxamide | 1294010-84-6 | C54H90N16O13S |
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—— | (3S,6S,9S,12S,17S,20S,23S,29S,32S,35S)-12-acetamido-3-(4-aminobutyl)-23,29-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-9-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-20,32-bis(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,19,22,25,28,31,34-decaoxo-1,4,7,10,18,21,24,27,30,33-decazabicyclo[33.3.0]octatriacontane-17-carboxamide | 1294010-86-8 | C57H92N22O14 |
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—— | (3S,6S,9S,11E,14S,17S,23S,26S,29S)-9-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-aminobutyl)-N-[(2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-17,23-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-26-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,16,19,22,25,28-octaoxo-1,4,7,15,18,21,24,27-octazabicyclo[27.3.0]dotriacont-11-ene-14-carboxamide | 1294010-78-8 | C56H91N17O14S |
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—— | (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-acetamido-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-[[(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-[[2-[1-[(2S,4S)-4-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-tetracen-2-yl]ethylideneamino]oxyacetyl]amino]-1-[(2S)-2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid | 1313220-64-2 | C93H113N21O25 |
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