肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | MKC1106-pp, E-psm peptide | 318274-84-9 | C48H78N12O12 |
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—— | Mast cell degranulating peptide (Vespula lewisii) | 72093-21-1 | C70H131N19O15 |
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—— | Crabrolin | 93207-22-8 | C74H130N18O14 |
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—— | Pglu-D-phe-trp-ser-tyr-D-ala-leu-arg-pro-gly-NH2 | 54784-44-0 | C59H79N15O13 |
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—— | pentakis(N<sup>γ</sup>-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)colistin A | 1013028-76-6 | C68H105Cl15N16O23 |
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—— | pentakis(N<sup>γ</sup>-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)polymyxin B<sub>1</sub> | 1013028-75-5 | C71H103Cl15N16O23 |
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—— | Gastrin releasing peptide (18-27), phe(25)- | 126370-72-7 | C53H75N15O11S |
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—— | glucagon | —— | C153H225N43O49S |
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—— | Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Lys(Boc)-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Arg(Pbf)-Gly-OH | 1048703-66-7 | C117H164N18O25S2 |
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—— | [Nle11 ]-substance P | 57462-42-7 | C64H100N18O13 |
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—— | (2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-phenacylsulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-6-azidohexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 1445973-19-2 | C90H127N25O24S2 |
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—— | callyaerin A | 1243246-46-9 | C69H108N14O14 |
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—— | callyaerin F | 1243246-51-6 | C58H83N11O10 |
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—— | ACTH (1-24), phe(2)-nle(4)- | 97773-00-7 | C137H212N40O30 |
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—— | L-Serine, glycylglycylglycylglycyl-L-serylglycylglycylglycylglycyl- | 192805-56-4 | C22H36N10O13 |
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—— | (4R)-4-[[(2R)-2-[[(4R)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2R,3R)-1-[[(3S,6R,12R,15S,18R,21R)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-6-(carboxymethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-15-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 57762-79-5 | C65H101N17O16S |
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—— | Sor-c13 | 1187852-48-7 | C72H116N20O19 |
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—— | Seractide acetate anhydrous | 39294-79-6 | C209H312N56O60S |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[2-[[(4R)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[(21R)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-6-(carboxymethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-15-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 144572-46-3 | C64H99N17O16S |
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—— | Pl-3994 | 952295-80-6 | C82H127N27O20S2 |
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—— | 18-[[(1R)-4-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[[(5S)-5-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-1-carboxy-4-oxobutyl]amino]-18-oxooctadecanoic acid | —— | C187H291N45O59 |
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—— | H-Asp-Ala-Glu-Asn-Leu-aIle-Asp-Ser-Phe-Gln-Glu-aIle-Val-OH | —— | C65H101N15O25 |
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—— | His-His-Ile-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Ala-Val-Asn-Tyr-Ile-Tyr-NH2 | 2040964-58-5 | C71H100N18O16 |
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—— | L-Arginine, L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-arginyl-L-prolyl-L-glutaminyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-histidylglycyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginylglycyl-L-arginyl- | 58739-75-6 | C143H273N87O31 |
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—— | Vasectrin II | 63872-85-5 | C132H224N44O40 |
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—— | LHRH, Ser(6)- | 57521-74-1 | C56H77N17O14 |
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—— | (D-Phe(sup 2)-pro(sup 3)-D-trp(sup 6))-LHRH | 60961-52-6 | C61H81N15O13 |
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—— | somatostatin, 5-fluoro-Trp(8)- | 66582-76-1 | C76H103FN18O19S2 |
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—— | insulin, Sar(9A)- | 57363-47-0 | C254H377N65O74S6 |
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—— | Purothionin | 9009-72-7 | C198H332N68O56S8 |
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—— | Vasectrin I | 64610-22-6 | C131H222N44O41 |
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—— | Neurotoxin II, naja naja oxiana | 60318-11-8 | C283H443N93O92S8 |
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—— | secretin (5-27), Gln(9) | 58886-96-7 | C114H197N39O35 |
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—— | parathyroid hormone (3-34) amide, Nle(8,18)-Nle(34)- | 64297-16-1 | C177H279N53O48 |
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—— | Secretin,-tyr(10)- | 63220-78-0 | C133H218N44O42 |
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—— | Somatostatin, ala(2)-trp(8)-cys(14)- | 66610-28-4 | C77H106N18O19S2 |
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—— | cobra cytotoxin IV | 60488-15-5 | C296H479N83O79S10 |
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—— | 4-[[(2R)-2-[[(4R)-2-[(1S)-1-amino-2-methylpropyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-butan-2-yl-6-(carboxymethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 149146-32-7 | C65H101N17O16S |
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—— | Benzyloxycarbonyl-(glycyl-prolyl-proline)8-methyl ester | 57463-43-1 | C105H146N24O27 |
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—— | Endorphin, ala-2- | 65041-91-0 | C156H252N42O44S |
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—— | Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, tyr(27)- | 60383-26-8 | C166H262N50O49S3 |
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—— | TCVADESHAGCEK | 321888-30-6 | C52H84N16O22S2 |
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—— | (2R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[1-[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid | —— | C88H140N20O37 |
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—— | H-Pyr-Pro-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 | —— | C57H79N13O16S |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2-aminooxyacetyl)amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 388633-56-5 | C54H99N19O16 |
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—— | DTHKSEIAHR | 349086-88-0 | C49H80N18O17 |
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—— | FKDLGEEHFK | 458533-17-0 | C58H84N14O17 |
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—— | HHHHHHIIKIIK | 959780-73-5 | C72H112N26O13 |
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—— | Ac-Leu-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Ser-Ser(PO3H2)-Ser-Pro-Gly-Tyr-Ser-NH2 | 1186032-46-1 | C54H82N15O21P |
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—— | Ac-Leu-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Ser-Ser-Ser-Pro-Gly-Tyr-Ser-NH2 | 1186032-50-7 | C54H81N15O18 |
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