肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | N-Acetylglycyl-alpha-aspartylphenylalanyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamylisoleucylprolyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamyl-O-sulfotyrosylleucylglutamine | 125441-00-1 | C68H95N13O29S |
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—— | Bombinin-like peptide-1 | 138220-00-5 | C115H194N34O33 |
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—— | Somatostatin, azidonitrobenzoyl-lys(9)-iodo-tyr(11)- | 130772-41-7 | C83H106N22O23S2 |
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—— | Gastrin human | 9002-76-0 | C182H264N44O53S2 |
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—— | Atrial natriuretic factor (1-27) | 138506-90-8 | C116H191N37O39S2 |
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—— | Ala-Leu-Asn-Ser-Val-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Arg-Ser-Ala-Met-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Glu | —— | C78H120N22O28S |
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—— | Hiv protease substrate II | 120944-74-3 | C72H109N15O25 |
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—— | Somatostatin SS-1 | 59983-96-9 | C78H108N18O19 |
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—— | Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat | —— | C78H116N20O21 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-5-[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[(2S)-1-[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-iminopropyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C225H360N76O67S |
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—— | Carassin | 133950-47-7 | C103H175N35O27S |
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—— | AMP2 protein, Amaranthus caudatus | 139632-18-1 | C130H206N42O38S7 |
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—— | 37-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[[1-[2-[[2-[[2-[[[1-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene)amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-4-hydroxy-4-iminobutanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutylidene]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-19,34-bis(4-aminobutyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecahydroxy-10,16-bis(1-hydroxyethyl)-31-(2-hydroxy-2-iminoethyl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecazacyclooctatriaconta-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecaene-4-carboxylic acid | —— | C137H207N41O39S3 |
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—— | Kafeevlakkfydkalwd | 131222-71-4 | C106H157N23O28 |
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—— | Hfsh-beta-(81-95) | 132880-10-5 | C57H91N19O27S4 |
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—— | Peptite 2000 | 134957-25-8 | C98H174N34O30 |
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—— | (6-Aminohexanoic acid(5-24),gamma-glutamyl(2)-epsilon-lysyl(30))neuropeptide Y | 133970-32-8 | C102H163N33O26 |
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—— | Zervamicin A1-16 | 111908-11-3 | C90H139N17O19 |
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—— | Protein kinase inhibitor (6-22)amide, 4-azidophenylalanine(10)- | 122756-41-6 | C80H129N31O24 |
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—— | Ac-EWDREINNYTSLIHSLIEESQNQQEKNEQEGGC-NH2 | 150950-96-2 | C165H252N48O64S |
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—— | 37326-22-0 | C180H257N45O46 |
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—— | Scotophobin | 33579-45-2 | C62H97N23O26 |
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—— | Geref | —— | C151H250N44O44S |
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—— | Pyroglutamyl peptide bam-1745 | 133136-47-7 | C79H116N20O25 |
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—— | (3S)-3-amino-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(4S)-5-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]oxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid | 117233-32-6 | C142H204N52O35 |
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—— | Boc-<Ala-Aib>8-Ala-Cr | 154564-83-7 | C80H134N18O25 |
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—— | Pyr-gly-pro-trp-leu-glu-glu-glu-glu-glu-ala-tyr(SO3H)-gly-trp-met-asp-phe-NH2 | 19361-51-4 | C97H124N20O34S2 |
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—— | Peptide histidine isoleucine | 96849-38-6 | C136H216N36O41 |
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—— | Dextronatrin | 114752-42-0 | C110H166N34O32S2 |
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—— | Cortropin Zinc ACTH | —— | C207H309N56O59SZn+ |
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—— | ACTH amide (1-16) | 18806-03-6 | C89H134N26O21S |
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—— | Helospectin II | 93585-83-2 | C180H288N46O57 |
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—— | Ac-YTSLIHSLIEESQNQQEKNEQELLELDKWASLWNWF-NH2 & T20 | —— | C232H355N59O64 |
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—— | 13-Norleucine-motilin | 55524-56-6 | C121H190N34O35 |
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—— | Anthopleurin-A | 60880-63-9 | C215H326N62O67S6 |
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—— | Glucagon (1-21) | 36489-11-9 | C98H144N28O37 |
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—— | L-Glutamine, L-valyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-threonylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-asparaginylglycyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-tryptophyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl- | 129437-47-4 | C75H113N19O24 |
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—— | Tyrosylglutaminyl-alpha-glutamylalanylphenylalanylarginylarginylphenylalanylphenylalanylglycylprolylvaline | 129356-77-0 | C73H101N19O17 |
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—— | Eristostatin | 132051-67-3 | C227H355N77O70S8 |
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—— | TPEVDDEALEKFDK | 285547-88-8 | C71H110N16O28 |
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—— | Gppt-LHRH | 69770-59-8 | C72H91N17O14 |
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—— | Cholecystokinin (26-33), I-tyr-gly-nle(28,31)- | 118688-24-7 | C62H77IN12O19S |
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—— | (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-2-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2,6-diamino-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]hexanoic acid | —— | C177H289N61O62S6 |
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—— | Peptide F | 75718-92-2 | C172H259N41O53S3 |
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—— | VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) | 69698-54-0 | C126H207N37O34S |
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—— | beta-Endorphin, human | —— | C158H251N39O46S |
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—— | Momordica anti-HIV protein | 170834-08-9 | C318H499N71O83S2 |
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—— | Trichosporin B-iiib | 121689-06-3 | C90H149N23O24 |
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—— | N-Acetyl-alpha-aspartylphenylalanyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamylisoleucylprolyl-alpha-glutamyl-alpha-glutamyltyrosylleucylglutamine | 113274-57-0 | C66H92N12O25 |
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—— | 13-Serine-somatostatin | 61557-10-6 | C76H104N18O19S2 |
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