肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | ACTH (6-24) (human) | —— | C111H175N35O21 |
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—— | (4S)-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[(4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]oxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]oxy-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]oxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 51257-86-4 | C175H274N52O48S2 |
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—— | Pediocin ach | 120367-03-5 | C196H297N61O60S5 |
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—— | Waglerin I (Trimeresurus wagleri venom reduced) | 133410-51-2 | C112H177N37O26S2 |
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—— | Tachyplesin II | 125139-69-7 | C100H152N34O19S4 |
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—— | Subtilin | 1393-38-0 | C148H227N39O38S5 |
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—— | Vasoactive intestinal octacosapeptide (pig), N-acetyl-8-L-glutamic acid-12-L-lysine-17-L-norleucine-19-L-alanine-25-L-aspartic acid-26-L-leucine-27-L-lysine-28-L-lysine-28a-glycine-28b-glycine-28c-L-threoninamide-, cyclic (25-21)-peptide | 159427-08-4 | C160H258N46O46 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoic acid | —— | C99H159N37O23 |
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—— | Adrenocorticotropin zinc | 53468-06-7 | C272H422N80O70P2S2Zn3+2 |
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—— | 2-Leu-deltorphin | 154722-68-6 | C91H128N20O25 |
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—— | [Trp8]GnRH | 55068-87-6 | C60H73N15O13 |
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—— | Secapin | 58694-50-1 | C131H213N37O31S2 |
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—— | (2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C152H257N43O44S2 |
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—— | Peptide C20W | 123045-86-3 | C113H190N38O26 |
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—— | Prepro-trh (178-199) | 122018-92-2 | C116H176N28O39S |
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—— | Cyclic-(GVCRCICTRGFCRCLCRR) | 251442-64-5 | C82H137N33O19S6 |
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—— | Human Defensin NP-1 | 148093-65-6 | C150H222N44O38S6 |
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—— | Biotinylcorticotropin | 61125-54-0 | C152H237N45O33S2 |
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—— | L-Tyrosine, L-valyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl- | 145937-86-6 | C80H133N21O23 |
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—— | Lkiedsdtyicevedqkee | 123380-67-6 | C96H152N22O40S |
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—— | H-Val-Val-Cys-Ala-Cys-Arg-Arg-Ala-Leu-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Glu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gly-Phe-Cys-Arg-Ile-Arg-Gly-Arg-Ile-His-Pro-Leu-Cys-Cys-Arg-Arg-OH | 88086-41-3 | C161H283N65O36S6 |
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—— | magainin 2 | —— | C114H180N30O29S |
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—— | Betabellin 16S | 252348-70-2 | C156H250N42O43S |
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—— | Lipid-associating peptides | 91879-73-1 | C81H120N18O27 |
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—— | S-Benzyl-CD4 (83-94) peptide | 123380-68-7 | C69H102N14O26S |
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—— | Ece substrate | 133752-35-9 | C84H117N21O23S |
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—— | Tyicevedqkee | 126144-46-5 | C62H96N14O26S |
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—— | N(alpha)-Propionyl-1,7-di-ala-19-des-leu-salmon calcitonin | 120318-94-7 | C142H235N43O48 |
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—— | Sapecin | 119938-54-4 | C164H272N58O52S6 |
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—— | Defensin NP-2 (Rabbit reduced) | 88086-40-2 | C161H282N62O36S6 |
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—— | HIV-2 Pcs cyclic disulfide | 119290-15-2 | C111H183N19O23S3 |
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—— | Chp2 peptide | 156409-45-9 | C205H322N60O48S6 |
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—— | (4S)-5-[(2S,3S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]oxy-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-5-oxopentylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]oxy-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-4-[[(2S)-2,6-diamino-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C142H245N41O44 |
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—— | Gallinacin 1alpha | 156409-55-1 | C176H255N49O42S6 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-[(2S)-1-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C142H242N40O42 |
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—— | Gly-Met-Ala-Ser-Lys-Ala-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Lys-Ile-Ala-Lys-Val-Ala-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-NH2 | 102068-15-5 | C88H162N26O22S |
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—— | Metallothionein II hexacosapeptide 36-61 | 86515-73-3 | C94H162N30O32S9 |
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—— | Preprotachykinin B (50-79) | 148597-04-0 | C143H243N37O46 |
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—— | L-Phenylalanine, L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-histidyl-L-asparaginyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-histidyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-histidyl-L-asparaginyl- | 101380-54-5 | C156H243N47O40S2 |
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—— | Pthrp (107-139) | 137348-10-8 | C142H228N42O58 |
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—— | Amyloid beta-protein (17-42) | 155178-13-5 | C119H194N28O33S |
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—— | Hen egg lysozyme peptide (46-61) | 62982-31-4 | C72H116N22O29 |
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—— | Cysteinyl-glutamyl-asparaginyl-prolyl-serinyl-glutaminyl-phenylalanyl-tyrosyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-leucine | 98813-21-9 | C58H81N13O22S |
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—— | Somatostatin (sheep reduced), 1-de-L-alanine-2-deglycine-, 3-acetate 12 | 80722-26-5 | C73H100N16O18S2 |
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—— | L-Threonine, L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-arginylglycyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-tryptophyl-L-isoleucyl- | 109796-64-7 | C118H182N32O32 |
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—— | H-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gln-Phe-Leu-Ser-Arg-Val-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Leu-Val-Phe-Gly-Thr-Ser-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Asp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Gly-Ile-Leu-Ala-Leu-Met-OH | 78809-76-4 | C197H316N48O57S |
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—— | 5-Methoxy-8-trp-somatostatin | 76689-49-1 | C77H106N18O20S2 |
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—— | (4S)-5-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-[[2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C89H130N24O24 |
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—— | (4S)-5-[(2S)-1-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-4-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid;(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-5-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2R)-1-[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-iminopropyl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C253H381N65O74S6 |
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—— | Pro-opiomelanocortin joining peptide(79-108) | 83296-42-8 | C123H195N39O47S |
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