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多肽

肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。

例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。

近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。

在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。

肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。

生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— (2S,4R,5R)-2-[(2S,3S,5S)-2-[(3S,6R)-6-[[(3R,4R,6S)-6-[(3S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-acetylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(E,2S)-2-amino-5-(ethylideneamino)-4-methylpent-4-enoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutan-2-yl]oxy-5-amino-4-[(2R,3S,5S)-4-[(2S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-5-amino-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid —— C92H154N16O48
(2S,4R,5R)-2-[(2S,3S,5S)-2-[(3S,6R)-6-[[(3R,4R,6S)-6-[(3S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-acetylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(E,2S)-2-amino-5-(ethylideneamino)-4-methylpent-4-enoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutan-2-yl]oxy-5-amino-4-[(2R,3S,5S)-4-[(2S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-5-amino-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid
—— (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(6S,9S)-2-amino-9-[(3S)-3-amino-5-methyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-4-methyl-8-oxo-1,3,7-triazacyclododeca-2,4-dien-5-yl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-[[2-[[1-[[(2R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid —— C79H123N23O22S2
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(6S,9S)-2-amino-9-[(3S)-3-amino-5-methyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-4-methyl-8-oxo-1,3,7-triazacyclododeca-2,4-dien-5-yl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-[[2-[[1-[[(2R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
—— H-Met-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gly-Arg-Trp-Lys-Pro-Ala-OH —— C52H83N15O12S
H-Met-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gly-Arg-Trp-Lys-Pro-Ala-OH
—— H-Arg-Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe-Val-Thr-Ile-OH —— C48H80N16O12
H-Arg-Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe-Val-Thr-Ile-OH
—— H-Ser-Ala-Leu-Gln-Asn-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ile-Ala-OH —— C39H68N12O15
H-Ser-Ala-Leu-Gln-Asn-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ile-Ala-OH
—— H-Met-Tyr-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Gly-Ser-OH —— C59H73N11O16S
H-Met-Tyr-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Gly-Ser-OH
—— Rinnipfseamm —— C61H99N17O18S2
Rinnipfseamm
—— Rinnipwseama —— C61H96N18O18S
Rinnipwseama
—— H-Glu-Asp-Thr-Leu-Thr-Tyr(PO3H2)-Ala-Asp-Leu-Asp-OH —— C49H75N10O25P
H-Glu-Asp-Thr-Leu-Thr-Tyr(PO3H2)-Ala-Asp-Leu-Asp-OH
—— Ipaimenmwnrs —— C63H100N18O18S2
Ipaimenmwnrs
—— NH2-Gln-Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe-OH —— C66H104N20O16S
NH2-Gln-Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe-OH
—— Rinnipwaeamm —— C63H100N18O17S2
Rinnipwaeamm
—— (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-phosphonooxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid —— C49H82N11O21P
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-phosphonooxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid
—— Rinniawseamm —— C61H98N18O18S2
Rinniawseamm
—— Rinnipwseaam —— C61H96N18O18S
Rinnipwseaam
—— Ainnipwseamm —— C60H93N15O18S2
Ainnipwseamm
—— Ac-YTSGKASNPA-NH2 —— C44H69N13O16
Ac-YTSGKASNPA-NH2
—— (2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamidopropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]-N-[(1S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-4-guanidino-butyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-3-methyl-butyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide —— C54H89N17O12
(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamidopropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]-N-[(1S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-4-guanidino-butyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-3-methyl-butyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
—— (2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-6-amino-hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]-N-[(1S)-2-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-[[(1S)-1-carbamoyl-2-methyl-propyl]amino]-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-propyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-propyl]amino]-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide —— C50H81N13O13
(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-6-amino-hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]-N-[(1S)-2-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-[[(1S)-1-carbamoyl-2-methyl-propyl]amino]-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-propyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-propyl]amino]-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
—— Ac-Pro-Ala-Ala-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-NH2 —— C54H80N14O12
Ac-Pro-Ala-Ala-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-NH2
—— Sttvkaaswwa-conh2 —— C56H83N15O15
Sttvkaaswwa-conh2
—— (4S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-6-amino-hexanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-butanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic acid —— C48H82N18O16
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-6-amino-hexanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoyl]amino]-3-methyl-butanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxo-butanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic acid
—— H-Gly-Glu-Ala-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ile-Val-Pro-Cys-OH —— C39H62N10O17S
H-Gly-Glu-Ala-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ile-Val-Pro-Cys-OH
—— H-Ala-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser-Gln-Val-Thr-Asn-Pro-Ala-Thr-Ile-Met-OH —— C60H102N16O22S2
H-Ala-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser-Gln-Val-Thr-Asn-Pro-Ala-Thr-Ile-Met-OH
—— H-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-Leu-Pro-Arg-Ala-OH —— C64H100N18O14S
H-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-Leu-Pro-Arg-Ala-OH
—— H-Ala-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Asn-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ile-Met-OH —— C58H100N16O22S2
H-Ala-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Asn-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ile-Met-OH
—— H-Pro-Cys-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-Leu-Pro-OH —— C63H95N15O14S2
H-Pro-Cys-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-Leu-Pro-OH
—— NH2-Met-Ser-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser-Lys-His-Gly-Leu-Thr-Asn-Thr-Ala-Ser-OH —— C59H99N19O24S
NH2-Met-Ser-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser-Lys-His-Gly-Leu-Thr-Asn-Thr-Ala-Ser-OH
—— H-Thr-Thr-Pro-Cys-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-OH —— C60H91N15O16S2
H-Thr-Thr-Pro-Cys-Cys-Phe-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Pro-OH
—— H-His-Thr-Tyr-Leu-Gln-Ala-Ser-Glu-Lys-Phe-Lys-Met-OH —— C67H103N17O19S
H-His-Thr-Tyr-Leu-Gln-Ala-Ser-Glu-Lys-Phe-Lys-Met-OH
—— H-Gly-Val-Val-Asn-Ala-Ser-Abu-Arg-Leu-Ala-Thr-Arg-Arg-OH —— C57H105N23O17
H-Gly-Val-Val-Asn-Ala-Ser-Abu-Arg-Leu-Ala-Thr-Arg-Arg-OH
—— Karvlaiams —— C46H86N14O12S
Karvlaiams
—— Kaqvlaeams —— C44H78N12O15S
Kaqvlaeams
—— Karvlaivms —— C48H90N14O12S
Karvlaivms
—— Karvlaqams —— C45H83N15O13S
Karvlaqams
—— NH2-Spyssdttpa-OH —— C43H64N10O19
NH2-Spyssdttpa-OH
—— Ksrvlaeams —— C45H82N14O15S
Ksrvlaeams
—— Kaqvlaiams —— C45H82N12O13S
Kaqvlaiams
—— Karvlaeams —— C45H82N14O14S
Karvlaeams
—— H-Val-Cys-Phe-Thr-Thr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH —— C65H111N19O19S
H-Val-Cys-Phe-Thr-Thr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH
—— Ac-SPYSSDTTPA-NH2 —— C45H67N11O19
Ac-SPYSSDTTPA-NH2
—— H-Val-Cys-Phe-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH —— C68H118N20O19S
H-Val-Cys-Phe-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH
—— Aeamsqvtnsatim —— C58H100N16O23S2
Aeamsqvtnsatim
—— H-Ile-Arg-Lys-Ile-Leu-Ncy(Ph)(Ph)-Leu-Asp-Gly-Ile-OH —— C56H96N14O13S
H-Ile-Arg-Lys-Ile-Leu-Ncy(Ph)(Ph)-Leu-Asp-Gly-Ile-OH
—— Aeamsqvtntatim —— C59H102N16O23S2
Aeamsqvtntatim
—— Lgaswhrpdk —— C52H79N17O14
Lgaswhrpdk
—— KTGHVMAKCPERQAG (Synthetic Peptide) —— C66H113N23O20S2
KTGHVMAKCPERQAG (Synthetic Peptide)
—— (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid —— C72H115N17O39
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-amino-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
—— H-Ile-Asn-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ala-Lys-Ile-Leu-NH2 —— C64H119N17O14
H-Ile-Asn-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ala-Lys-Ile-Leu-NH2
—— H-Ala-Ala-Val-Asn-Phe-Leu-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH —— C41H65N11O12
H-Ala-Ala-Val-Asn-Phe-Leu-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH