肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
---|---|---|---|---|
角蝰毒素S6c | Toxine from Israeli snake Atractaspis engaddensis | —— | C103H147N27O37S5 |
|
角蝰毒素S6b | Sarafotoxin b | 116303-65-2 | C110H162N26O35S5 |
|
角朊毒素B | Ceratotoxin B protein, Ceratitis capitata | 150671-05-9 | C135H235N35O32 |
|
西那普肽 | Sinapultide | 138531-07-4 | C126H238N26O22 |
|
西曲瑞克三氟乙酸盐 | SB-75*trifluoroacetate | 130289-71-3 | C2HF3O2*C70H92ClN17O14 |
|
表皮生长因子 | Urogastrone | 62229-50-9 | C257H381N73O83S7 |
|
血纤维蛋白肽B | (4S)-5-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-carboxybutyl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-4-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-1,4-dihydroxy-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[hydroxy-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]amino]ethylidene]amino]-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C66H93N19O25 |
|
血纤维蛋白肽A(人) | Fibrinopeptide A | 25422-31-5 | C63H97N19O26 |
|
血管舒缓激肽-增强肽C | Bradykinin potentiator C | 30953-20-9 | C51H77N11O13 |
|
血管紧张肽I | Angiotensin I human acetate salt hydrate | 70937-97-2 | C64H95N17O17 |
|
血管紧张素 I | angiotensin I | 484-42-4 | C62H89N17O14 |
|
血管紧张素 | 2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetic acid | 1407-47-2 | C48H67N15O12 |
|
血激酶1(人类) | Hemokinin 1 (human) | 491851-53-7 | C54H84N14O14S |
|
螺[环丙烷-1,6(2H)-[4,7]亚甲基[1,2]苯并异噻唑](9CI) | Peptide (rat testis Leydig cell H-540 steroidogenic) | 108563-23-1 | C141H226N34O51 |
|
蝗促肌肽I | Locustamyotropin | 129192-62-7 | C55H89N17O14 |
|
蜂毒素 | L-Leucinamide, L-isoleucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl- | 145854-61-1 | C70H132N20O15 |
|
蜂毒明肽 | Octadecapeptide venom | —— | C79H131N31O24S4 |
|
蛙皮降压肽 | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-carboxy-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-[[(2S,3S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[hydroxy-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[2-[[hydroxy-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]methylidene]amino]-3-methylpentylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino]-5-[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-3-carboxy-1-[(2S,3R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-[(2S,3S)-1-hydroxy-1-imino-3-methylpentan-2-yl]iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C202H346N56O63S |
|
蛋白质致活酶抑制剂肽(6-24) | Pki peptide (6-24) | 136058-52-1 | C90H141N31O29 |
|
蛋白质(bacteriophagepf3coat)(9CI) | Protein (bacteriophage Pf3 coat) | 88813-42-7 | C213H351N53O59S |
|
蛋氨酸-赖氨酸-缓激肽 | Met-Lys-bradykinin | 550-19-6 | C61H94N18O13S |
|
蛋氨酰-谷氨酰-组氨酰-苯丙氨酰-精氨酰-色氨酰-甘氨酰-赖氨酸 | Corticotropin 4-11 | 67224-41-3 | C50H71N15O11S |
|
蚂蟥素 | Hirudin | 8001-27-2 | C287H440N80O113S7 |
|
蓝肽二乙胺盐 | Ceruletide Diethylamine | 71247-25-1 | C62H84N14O21S2 |
|
莫罗德明 | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(4R,7S,10S,16S,19S,25S,28S,31R)-31-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(1R,6R,9S,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39R,44R,50S,53S,56S,59S,62S,68S,73S,76S,85S)-76-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-30-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-27-(2-carboxyethyl)-18,62-bis(carboxymethyl)-44-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-9-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15,24,53,56-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-12,59,68-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-33-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-21,73-bis(2-methylpropyl)-36-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,45,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,71,74,77,80,83,86-pentacosaoxo-85-propan-2-yl-3,4,41,42-tetrathia-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,46,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,72,75,78,81,84,87-pentacosazatricyclo[37.31.17.046,50]heptaoctacontane-6-carbonyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-25-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-7-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-10-(carboxymethyl)-16-(hydroxymethyl)-19-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30-nonaoxo-28-propan-2-yl-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonazacyclodotriacontane-4-carbonyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-carboxybutyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C257H375N73O83S7 |
|
苯酚,4-氨基-3-乙氧基- | Pro-opiomelanocortin joining peptide(77-97) | 123723-76-2 | C89H145N31O36 |
|
苯胺并,4-[2-(3-乙基苯基)二氮烯基]- | 68-Tyr-pth (43-68) | 97642-75-6 | C126H208N42O41 |
|
苯胺,3-[3-甲基-4-(1-甲基乙基)苯氧基]- | H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-Gly-Arg-Pro-Glu-Trp-Trp-Met-Asp-Tyr-Gln-OH | 105284-56-8 | C107H148N30O26S2 |
|
苯磺酸,4-[2-[1-[[(2-甲氧苯基)氨基]羰基]-2-羰基丙基]二氮烯基]-3-硝基- | Probursin | 126741-07-9 | C84H129N29O16 |
|
苯碳杂氧杂亚胺酰氯,N-[2-(三氯乙酰基)苯基]-(9CI) | HG12 Protein | 147256-26-6 | C145H272N64O28S3 |
|
苯甲酸,3-(5-乙酰基-2-噻嗯基)- | Prosomatostatin cryptic peptide | 105655-57-0 | C67H105N17O29 |
|
苯培诺赖 | dodecapotassium;(2R,4S)-2-[(1R)-2-[[(5S)-5-amino-6-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-5-[[(2R)-2-[(2R,4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-6-[[(2R)-2-[(2R,4S)-4-carboxylato-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxo-1-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate | 61990-92-9 | C66H89K12N12O16S3+9 |
|
苯培诺赖 | (4R)-2-[2-[[(5R)-5-amino-6-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-5-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4S)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-[[2-[(4R)-4-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl]-2-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxo-1-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid | —— | C264H362N48O61S12 |
|
苯乙醛,3-甲基-a-羰基- | D-(Dca(sup 6))LHRH acetate | 82318-05-6 | C71H103N17O15 |
|
苯丙酸,b-氨基-4-(1-吡咯烷基)- | Big dynorphin | —— | C185H292N58O41 |
|
苯丙氨酰(6)-促黄体激素释放激素 | D-Phe(6)-GnRH | 57521-78-5 | C62H81N17O13 |
|
苯丙氨酰(2)-脯氨酰(3)-苯丙氨酰(6)-黄体生成激素释放激素 | LHRH, phe(2)-pro(3)-phe(6)- | 64789-67-9 | C59H80N14O13 |
|
苯(甲)醛,2-[4-(2-甲氧苯基)-1-哌啶基]-5-硝基- | Neurotensin, iodo-tyr(11)- | 88096-16-6 | C78H120IN21O20 |
|
芋螺睡眠肽 | H-Gly-Glu-Gla-Gla-Leu-Gln-Gla-Asn-Gln-Gla-Leu-Ile-Arg-Gla-Lys-Ser-Asn-OH | 133628-78-1 | C88H137N25O45 |
|
芋螺毒素MI还原物 | Conotoxin M I (reduced) | 83481-45-2 | C59H93N21O17S4 |
|
芋螺抗皱素 | H-Pyr-Gly-Cys(1)-Cys(2)-Asn-Gly-Pro-Lys-Gly-Cys(3)-Ser-Ser-Lys-Trp-Cys(1)-Arg-Asp-His-Ala-Arg-Cys(2)-Cys(3)-NH2 | 936616-33-0 | C92H139N35O28S6 |
|
艾塞那肽 | Avexitide | 133514-43-9 | C149H234N40O47S |
|
艾塞加南 | (1R,4S,7R,12R,15S,18R,21S,24S,30S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-7-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-21-benzyl-24,30-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3,6,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-nonaoxo-15-propan-2-yl-9,10,34,35-tetrathia-2,5,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-nonazabicyclo[16.14.4]hexatriacontane-12-carboxamide | 257277-05-7 | C78H126N30O18S4 |
|
艾卡拉肽 | H-Glu-Ala-Met-D-His-D-Ser-Phe-Cys(1)-D-Ala-Phe-D-Lys-Ala-D-Asp-D-Asp-Gly-D-Pro-Cys(2)-D-Arg-D-Ala-D-Ala-D-His-D-Pro-D-Arg-D-Trp-D-Phe-D-Phe-Asn-D-Ile-Phe-D-aThr-D-Arg-D-Gln-Cys(3)-Glu-Glu-Phe-aIle-D-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Cys(2)-D-Glu-Gly-D-Asn-Gln-Asn-Arg-Phe-Glu-Ser-Leu-Glu-Glu-Cys(3)-D-Lys-D-Lys-D-Met-Cys(1)-aThr-Arg-D-Asp-OH | 460738-38-9 | C305H442N88O91S8 |
|
舍莫瑞林 | Sermorelin | 86168-78-7 | C149H246N44O42S |
|
腺苷酸环化酶激活肽-38(抗原) | Pacap | 137061-48-4 | C199H322N60O53S |
|
脱氧核糖核酸,(猪克隆均苯四甲酸根胃动素[亮氨酰13]-指定) | [Leu13] Motilin, human, porcine | —— | C121H190N34O35 |
|
脯氨酰-组氨酰-脯氨酰-苯丙氨酰-组氨酰-苯丙氨酰-苯丙氨酰-缬氨酰-酪氨酰-赖氨酸 | Prolyl-histidyl-prolyl-phenylalanyl-histidyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-tyrosyl-lysyl | 75645-19-1 | C69H87N15O12 |
|
脑源性酸性成纤维细胞生长因子 | H-Phe-Asn-Leu-Pro-Leu-Gly-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Pro-OH | 211362-82-2 | C62H95N15O15 |
|
胸腺喷丁 | Thymopoietin | 60529-76-2 | C246H404N66O73 |
|