肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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6-氟-2-苯基-1,2-苯并硒杂唑-3(2H)-酮 | beta-endorphin, Trp(27)-2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride | 82114-14-5 | C166H255N41O47S2 |
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6-[3-(2-萘)-D-丙氨酸]促黄体激素刺激因子 | Nafarelin | 76932-56-4 | C66H83N17O13 |
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6-D-丙氨酸-10-(N-乙基甘氨酰胺)-促黄体激素-释放因子(猪) | LHRH, N-Et-Alanh2(6)- | 54797-49-8 | C58H81N17O13 |
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6-(4-氯-D-苯丙氨酸)-17-L-亮氨酸-血管活性小肠二十八肽(猪) | [D-P-CL-Phe(6),leu(17)]-vasoactive intestinal peptide human, porcine, rat | —— | C148H239ClN44O42 |
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6-(4-氯-D-苯丙氨酸)-17-L-亮氨酸-血管活性小肠二十八肽(猪) | Cpl-vip | 102805-45-8 | C148H238ClN43O43 |
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6,6,9-三甲基-3-戊基-6a,7,10,10a-四氢-6H-苯并[c]色烯-1-基硫酸钾 | alpha-Cobratoxin (1-24) amide | 147710-70-1 | C117H185N33O35S3 |
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5-氧代-L-脯氨酰-L-组氨酰-L-色氨酰-L-丝氨酰-L-组氨酰-L-alpha-天冬氨酰-L-色氨酰-L-赖氨酰-L-脯氨酰甘氨酰胺 | GnRH-III | 147859-97-0 | C59H74N18O14 |
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5-[2-(二甲氨基)乙氧基]-7H-苯并[c]芴-7-醇 | Procalcitonin | 56645-65-9 | C163H266N50O50S2 |
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5-(3,5-二碘-L-酪氨酸)-促黄体激素-释放因子(猪) | (3,5-Diiodo-Tyr5)-LHRH | 73644-49-2 | C55H73I2N17O13 |
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5(4H)-噻唑硫酮 | Trichosporin B-iiid | 107395-32-4 | C91H151N23O24 |
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4H-1,2,4-三唑,4-(1-甲基乙基)-3-硝基-(9CI) | Antimicrobial peptide 1, plant | 139632-17-0 | C124H194N38O37S7 |
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4-酪氨酸蛙皮素 | 4-Tyr-bombesin | 67338-70-9 | C74H108N24O19S |
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4-硝基苯基6-O-(a-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-a-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | Substance P, biotin-nte-arg(3)- | 137084-95-8 | C90H137N29O22S |
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4-氨基-1-溴-9,10-二氢-9,10-二羰基蒽-3,5-二磺基酸 | N(alpha)-maltoglucagon | 84647-86-9 | C165H245N43O59S |
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4-去磺基-雨蛙肽 | Caerulein, desulfated | 20994-83-6 | C58H73N13O18S |
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4-乙基-6-(2,6,6-三甲基环己-2-烯-1-基)己-2-烯-1,4-二醇 | (2S)-N-[1-[(2S)-1-[1-[2-[1-[1-[(2S)-2-[N-[(2S)-1-[1-[1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1,5-dihydroxy-1-(1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)imino-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl]-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethylideneamino)-2-methylpropylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]pentanediimidic acid | —— | C88H145N23O24 |
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4-[4-(吖啶-9-基氨基)苯基]丁酰胺甲磺酸酯 | Grendel protein, recombinant | 141304-55-4 | C134H205N27O30S |
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4,6,8,9-四甲基-2H-呋喃并(2,3-h)喹啉-2-酮 | LHRH, 4-Clphe(2)-Trp(3,6)- | 143873-63-6 | C67H83ClN16O13 |
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4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,13-二十一氟-2-羟基十三烷基磷酸二铵 | (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(1R,4S,7S,10S,13R,18R,21S,27S,30R,33S,36S,39R,42S,45S,54S)-13-amino-21-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-54-benzyl-27-(carboxymethyl)-33-(hydroxymethyl)-36-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-57-methylidene-42-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,50,53,56,59-heptadecaoxo-10-propan-2-yl-15,61,65-trithia-2,5,8,11,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,49,52,55,58-heptadecazatetracyclo[37.20.4.34,30.045,49]hexahexacontane-18-carbonyl]amino]hexanoic acid | 88201-41-6 | C85H121N23O25S3 |
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4(3H)-喹唑啉酮,6-碘-2-甲基- | 2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[[1-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[1,5-dihydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethylideneamino)-2-methylpropylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]propylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-N-(1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)pentanediimidic acid | —— | C91H151N23O24 |
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3H-噁唑并[3,4-a]吡啶-3-亚胺,六氢-1-(3-甲基苯基)- | (NANP)3 | 97557-30-7 | C48H74N18O19 |
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3-苯甲酰-2,6-二羟基苯基6-重氮基-5,6-二氢-5-羰基萘-1-磺化 | —— | C109H164N38O22S4 |
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3-羟基苯并[pqr]四苯-6-基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷糖酮酸 | Icaria chemotactic peptide | 97055-09-9 | C68H114N14O14 |
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3-甲氧基-4-甲基苯异丙胺 | Substance P, N-spermine-gln(5)- | 141231-59-6 | C73H121N21O13S |
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3-甲基-4-(甲基氨基)苯酚 | Deacetyl salmon endorphin | 74893-30-4 | C158H253N41O41S |
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3-环己烯-1-羧酸,4-甲基-,甲基酯,(R)-(9CI) | t-Butyl-cys(18)-cgrp (19-37) | 137908-73-7 | C92H149N25O26S2 |
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3-[3-(4-甲氧基-苯基)-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-YL]-败脂酸 | LHRH, leu(6)-N-Et-glynh2(10)- | 71779-20-9 | C61H87N17O13 |
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3-[(8-氨基-2-羟基-1-萘基)偶氮]-5-氯-2-羟基苯磺化钠 | Ctp3 peptide | 89157-28-8 | C69H115N21O24 |
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3-O-((鼠李吡喃糖基-(1-3)-吡喃木糖基-(1-2)-)(吡喃葡萄糖基-(1-3))-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1-3)-吡喃葡萄糖基)螺甾烷-2,3-二醇 | LHRH, lysine(6)-glutaryl-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone | 139570-70-0 | C79H98N18O18 |
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3-(十六烷基桥氧基)-2-[(9Z)-十八碳-9-烯桥氧基]丙基2-(三甲基氨)乙基磷酸酯 | Resact | 91316-25-5 | C50H86N18O15S2 |
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3'-异氰基-3'-脱氧胸苷 | CS4 Peptide | 107978-80-3 | C139H219N45O39 |
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3'-(2,2,5,5-四甲基-3-吡咯啉-1-氧杂基-3-羰基)氨基-3'-脱氧鸟苷5'-二磷酸酯 | Hcg-beta (82-101), (glycyl(88,90))- | 105028-22-6 | C82H135N27O29S2 |
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2H-异吲哚-2-丁酸,g-(氯羰基)-1,3-二氢-1,3-二羰基-,苯基甲基酯,(gS)- | Calcitonin, human, val(8)- | 89355-26-0 | C151H228N40O45S2 |
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2H-吡喃,2-2-(2-溴苯基)乙氧基四氢- | acyline | —— | C80H102ClN15O14 |
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2H-1-苯并吡喃-2-酮,7-乙氧基-4,8-二甲基- | Mca-R-P-P-G-F-S-A-F-K[Dnp]-OH | 323577-36-2 | C66H81N15O19 |
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2-蒽磺酸,4-[[3-(乙酰基氨基)苯基]氨基]-1-氨基-9,10-二氢-9,10-二羰基-,compd.和a,a',a''-(次氮基<三价氮基>三-2,1-乙二基)三[w-羟基聚(氧代-1,2-乙二基)](1:1) | (2-Phenylalanyl-4-norleucine)alpha-msh | 73391-90-9 | C78H111N21O18 |
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2-羟基-3-羧基苯并咔唑 | Angiotensin I, val(5)- | 484-43-5 | C61H87N17O14 |
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2-甲氧苯基噻嗯基酮 | Group 5 allergens, Ambrosia | 136882-65-0 | C179H280N48O60S8 |
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2-甲基丁基亚硝酸酯 | Pro-opiomelanocortin joining peptide(14-23) | 88389-69-9 | C43H72N14O14 |
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2-甲基-2-(4-甲基-1-环己-3-烯基)戊烷-3-醇 | calcitonin, salmon, Gly(8)- | 88433-78-7 | C142H234N44O48S2 |
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2-甘氨酰-9-去-甘氨酰-2-苯丙氨酰-8-鸟氨酰-加压素 | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2R)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(Z,2S)-1,5-diamino-1-oxopent-3-en-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]pentanediamide | 113846-97-2 | C47H66N14O12S2 |
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2-环戊烯-1-甲酰胺,N,N,3-三甲基- | d9Phe(Flu)avt | 126660-40-0 | C74H81N15O18S3 |
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2-环己烯-1-醇,4-丁基-,(1R,4S)-rel- | Thr-Arg-Ser-Ser-Arg-Ala-Gly-Leu-Gln-Phe-Pro-Val-Gly-Arg-Val-His-Arg-Leu-Leu-Arg-Lys | 172998-24-2 | C97H175N39O25 |
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2-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚-5-烯,2-环丙基- | Rikospray | 8057-37-2 | C144H247N39O50S3Zn |
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2-氨基苯甲酰-叔丁基甘氨酰-叔丁基甘氨酰-二甲基天门冬酰氨酰-丙氨酰-丝氨酰-丝氨酰 | Anthraniloyl-Gly(t-Butyl)-Asn(Methyl)2-Ala-Ser-Ser-Arg-Leu-3-nitro-Tyr-Arg | 204909-37-5 | C66H96F3N19O21 |
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2-正-丙基-2-金刚烷醇 | Galanin(1-12)-ala-neuropeptide Y(25-36)amide | 147138-51-0 | C136H209N41O34 |
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2-噁唑乙酰胺,N-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4,5-二氢-a,4,4-三甲基- | Thymopoietin II octadecapeptide (32-49) | 84979-67-9 | C100H167N27O28 |
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2-哌啶乙酸,酰肼 | pexiganan | —— | C122H210N32O22 |
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2-十二基苯酚-2-乙基噁丙环(1:1) | L-Valine, glycyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-prolylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-leucyl- | 137525-51-0 | C62H98N16O22 |
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2-丙酮,1-(甲基亚硫酰基<亚磺酰>)-,(+)- | Somatotropin (32-46) | 89187-22-4 | C87H129N19O27 |
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