肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | 4-[[2-[[2-(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-6-(carboxymethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-15-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C66H103N17O16S |
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—— | (3S,6R,11R,14S,23S,26S,29S,32S)-6-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-23-(carboxymethyl)-26-(hydroxymethyl)-29-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,13,19,22,25,28,31-octaoxo-8,9-dithia-1,4,12,18,21,24,27,30-octazatricyclo[30.3.0.014,18]pentatriacontane-11-carboxylic acid | —— | C45H63N11O14S2 |
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—— | H-Ala-Gly-Ser-Val-Glu-Gln-Thr(PO3H2)-Pro-Lys-Lys-OH | —— | C44H78N13O19P |
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—— | H-Ala-Pro-Gln-Pro-Ala-Pro-Glu-Asn-Ala-Tyr-OH | —— | C47H68N12O16 |
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—— | H-Gln-Pro-Pro-Val-Pro-Pro-Gln-Arg-Pro-Met-OH | —— | C51H83N15O13S |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-3-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-3-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-phosphonooxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C50H76N11O24P |
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—— | neurokinin B | 86933-75-7 | C55H79N13O14S2 |
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—— | H-DL-Pyr-DL-His-DL-Trp-DL-Ser-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Arg-DL-Pro-Gly-NH2.2HCl | —— | C55H77Cl2N17O13 |
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—— | N-Acetyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-beta-phenyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alloisoleucyl-3-cyclohexyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-D-prolyl-L-norleucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-valinamide | —— | C64H93N11O17S |
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—— | N-Acetyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-beta-phenyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alloisoleucyl-3-cyclohexyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-D-prolyl-3-cyclohexyl-L-alanyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-valinamide | —— | C67H97N11O17S |
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—— | NH2-Glu-Ser-Glu-Leu-Val-Ser-Gln-Ile-Ile-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ile-Lys-Lys-COOH | —— | C78H137N19O26 |
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—— | NH2-Ser-Asn-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Val-COOH | —— | C49H83N17O18 |
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—— | NH2-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ala-Pro-Ser-Phe-His-Arg-Thr-Thr-COOH | —— | C62H97N17O16 |
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—— | NH2-Lys-Pro-Lys-Gln-Ile-Lys-Pro-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Val-COOH | —— | C63H110N16O15 |
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—— | D-LysD-LysD-ValD-ValD-PheD-LysD-ValD-LysD-PheD-LysD-Lys | —— | C69H119N17O12 |
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—— | Kkvvfkvkfkk | —— | C69H119N17O12 |
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—— | Cbz-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-Aib-OtBu | —— | C56H93N11O14 |
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—— | Boc-DL-Ala-Aib-DL-Ala-Aib-DL-Ala-DL-Glu(OBn)-DL-Ala-Aib-DL-Ala-Aib-DL-Ala-OMe | —— | C52H83N11O16 |
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—— | Substance P (2-11) | —— | C57H86N14O12S |
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—— | H-DL-Ala-DL-Pro-Gly-DL-Asp-DL-Arg-DL-xiIle-DL-Tyr-DL-Val-DL-His-DL-Pro-DL-Phe-OH | —— | C60H86N16O15 |
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—— | Pyr-his-trp-ser-tyr-D-lys-leu-arg-pro-gly-NH2 | 52671-12-2 | C59H84N18O13 |
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—— | Cys-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val-Gly-Gly | —— | C60H104N20O15S |
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—— | Syntide-2, Protein Kinase Substrate | —— | C68H122N20O18 |
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—— | H-DL-Pro-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-Arg-DL-Lys-DL-Val-DL-Glu-DL-Asp-DL-Pro-DL-Tyr-DL-Cys-OH | —— | C66H111N19O18S |
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—— | Levitide, >=97% (HPLC) | —— | C66H119N21O19S |
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—— | [Ser2]-Neuromedin C | —— | C49H72N16O11S |
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—— | [Arg8]-Vasotocin-Gly-Lys-Arg, >=97% (HPLC) | —— | C57H93N21O16S2 |
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—— | H-DL-Cys(1)-DL-Tyr-DL-xiIle-DL-Gln-DL-Asn-DL-Cys(1)-DL-Pro-DL-Arg-Gly-Gly-OH | —— | C45H69N15O14S2 |
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—— | 2-[[2-[[6-Amino-2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-3-methyl-butanoyl)amino]-3-methyl-butanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-butanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-propanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-pentanoic acid | —— | C47H89N15O12 |
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—— | Methyl 4-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[(4-bromobenzoyl)amino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]-4,7,10-trimethyl-5,8,11-trioxo-2-oxa-6,9,12-triazatricyclo[11.6.2.016,20]henicosa-1(19),16(20),17-triene-13-carboxylate | —— | C57H80BrN13O16 |
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—— | H-DL-xiIle-DL-Val-DL-Pro-DL-Phe-DL-Leu-Gly-DL-Pro-DL-Leu-DL-Leu-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Leu-DL-xiThr-NH2 | —— | C68H114N14O14 |
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—— | Pyr-his-trp-ser-tyr-D-ala-leu-arg-pro-gly-NH2 | —— | C56H77N17O13 |
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—— | Angiotensin I, human | —— | C62H89N17O14 |
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—— | Substance P, 11-L-methionine-, methyl ester | —— | C64H99N17O14S |
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—— | Ser-ala-alloresact | —— | C42H71N13O14S2 |
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—— | H-DL-Asp-DL-Arg-DL-Val-DL-Tyr-DL-Val-DL-His-DL-Pro-DL-Phe-DL-His-DL-Leu-OH | —— | C61H87N17O14 |
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—— | H-DL-Pyr-DL-His-DL-Trp-DL-Ser-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Leu-DL-Arg-DL-Pro-Gly-OH | —— | C55H74N16O14 |
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—— | H-Val-Glu-Asp-Tyr-Glu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Ser-Gly-OH | —— | C46H69N11O20 |
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—— | H-Arg-His-Arg-Lys(Me)-Val-Leu-Arg-Asp-Asn-Tyr-OH | —— | C59H99N23O15 |
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—— | H-Lys-Arg-Trp-Ile-Ile-Leu-Gly-Leu-Asn-Lys-OH | —— | C59H101N17O12 |
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—— | H-Ser-Ser-Leu-Glu-Asn-Phe-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Val-OH | —— | C53H80N14O17 |
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—— | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxy-propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-[[(1S,2R)-1-[[2-[[(1S,2R)-1-[[(1S)-2-(carboxymethylamino)-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-hydroxy-propyl]amino]-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-hydroxy-propyl]amino]-5-oxo-pentanoic acid | —— | C48H63N11O18 |
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—— | 2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S,3R)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]acetic acid | —— | C46H68N10O14 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid | —— | C51H70N12O15 |
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—— | (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid | —— | C49H66N12O15 |
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—— | (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid | —— | C52H73N13O15 |
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—— | des-Tyr1-gamma-Endorphin | —— | C74H122N18O25S |
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—— | Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Nle-NH2 | —— | C64H100N18O13 |
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—— | 4-[[2-[[2-(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-butan-2-yl-6-(carboxylatomethyl)-9-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclopentacos-21-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoate | —— | C66H101N17O16S-2 |
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—— | H-DL-Asn-DL-Pro-DL-Asn-DL-Ala-DL-Asn-DL-Pro-DL-Asn-DL-Ala-DL-Asn-DL-Pro-DL-Asn-DL-Ala-OH | —— | C48H74N18O19 |
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