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    首页 分子通 按分子结构分类 有机化合物 有机聚合物 多肽

    多肽

    肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成，称为二肽；包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下，含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽，则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中，在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。

    例如，谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基，参与体内氧化还原反应；多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等，均属于多肽类，通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成，控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。

    近年来，在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽（五肽）。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质，具备强大的抗菌能力。此外，多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言，含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽；而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。

    在命名时，通常按照从氨基末端（N端）到羧基末端（C端）的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成，命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。

    肽广泛存在于动植物组织中，并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明，几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽，这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关，因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。

    生物活性肽种类繁多，例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽，催产素为九肽，而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因，在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基，神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— H-Glu-Phe-Ser-Arg-Gln-Cys-Ser-His-Ala-Gly-OH —— C45H68N16O16S
    H-Glu-Phe-Ser-Arg-Gln-Cys-Ser-His-Ala-Gly-OH
    —— H-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp-Val-Arg-OH —— C63H110N16O16
    H-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp-Val-Arg-OH
    —— H-Gln-Cys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Val-Ala-Thr-Asn-Cys-Arg-OH —— C48H82N18O18S2
    H-Gln-Cys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Val-Ala-Thr-Asn-Cys-Arg-OH
    —— H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Leu-Asp-Ala-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly-OH —— C43H75N17O16
    H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Leu-Asp-Ala-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly-OH
    —— H-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-OH —— C57H95N15O16
    H-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-OH
    —— H-Arg-Val-Leu-Thr-Leu-Leu-Ser-Val-Thr-Lys-OH —— C51H96N14O14
    H-Arg-Val-Leu-Thr-Leu-Leu-Ser-Val-Thr-Lys-OH
    —— N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide;copper —— C56H98CuN16O13
    N-[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide;copper
    —— H-Ser-Leu-Cys-Pro-Ile-Arg-Gly-Trp-Ala-Ile-OH —— C51H82N14O12S
    H-Ser-Leu-Cys-Pro-Ile-Arg-Gly-Trp-Ala-Ile-OH
    —— H-Val-Ile-Ser-Asn-Asp-Val-Cys-Ala-Gln-Val-OH —— C43H74N12O16S
    H-Val-Ile-Ser-Asn-Asp-Val-Cys-Ala-Gln-Val-OH
    —— H-Lys-Arg-Ile-Gln-Glu-Ile-Ile-Glu-Gln-Leu-OH —— C56H100N16O17
    H-Lys-Arg-Ile-Gln-Glu-Ile-Ile-Glu-Gln-Leu-OH
    —— H-Leu-Leu-Phe-Gly-Pro-Cys-Ile-Phe-Asn-Leu-OH —— C56H85N11O12S
    H-Leu-Leu-Phe-Gly-Pro-Cys-Ile-Phe-Asn-Leu-OH
    —— H-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Pro-Ser-Met-Trp-Glu-Asn-Leu-OH —— C60H87N13O19S
    H-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Pro-Ser-Met-Trp-Glu-Asn-Leu-OH
    —— H-Leu-Ala-Cys-Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Thr-Cys-Leu-Asp-OH —— C53H77N11O19S2
    H-Leu-Ala-Cys-Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Thr-Cys-Leu-Asp-OH
    —— H-Gly-Thr-Leu-Asn-Phe-Pro-Gly-Ser-Ile-Ala-Thr-OH —— C48H76N12O16
    H-Gly-Thr-Leu-Asn-Phe-Pro-Gly-Ser-Ile-Ala-Thr-OH
    —— H-Cys-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Cys-OH —— C51H91N11O12S2
    H-Cys-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Cys-OH
    —— H-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ser-Glu-Cys-Lys-Thr-Gly-Asn-OH —— C47H76N12O17S
    H-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ser-Glu-Cys-Lys-Thr-Gly-Asn-OH
    —— Ac-Arg-Thr-Gln-Glu-His-Thr-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Lys-NH2 —— C55H86N18O19
    Ac-Arg-Thr-Gln-Glu-His-Thr-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Lys-NH2
    —— H-Leu-Arg-Asn-Glu-Gly-Glu-Gly-Ile-Val-Asn-OH —— C45H77N15O17
    H-Leu-Arg-Asn-Glu-Gly-Glu-Gly-Ile-Val-Asn-OH
    —— H-Met-Val-Ile-Tyr-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Asp-Asp-Leu-OH —— C59H89N11O18S
    H-Met-Val-Ile-Tyr-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Asp-Asp-Leu-OH
    —— H-Ile-Pro-Trp-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ile-OH —— C61H101N15O13
    H-Ile-Pro-Trp-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ile-OH
    —— (4S)-5-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid —— C61H102N16O26
    (4S)-5-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
    —— H-Pro-Gln-Gly-Pro-Asn-Asp-Val-Thr-Ala-Lys-Leu-Leu-Cys-Pro-OH —— C63H105N17O20S
    H-Pro-Gln-Gly-Pro-Asn-Asp-Val-Thr-Ala-Lys-Leu-Leu-Cys-Pro-OH
    —— H-Lys-Val-Thr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Arg-Asn-Arg-Val-Asp-Ile-OH —— C61H113N21O17
    H-Lys-Val-Thr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Arg-Asn-Arg-Val-Asp-Ile-OH
    —— H-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-OH —— C52H102N28O12
    H-Ala-Gly-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-OH
    —— H-Trp-His-Ile-Leu-Gln-Met-Lys-Gly-Leu-Thr-Trp-OH —— C68H101N17O14S
    H-Trp-His-Ile-Leu-Gln-Met-Lys-Gly-Leu-Thr-Trp-OH
    —— H-Met-Met-Lys-Ile-Lys-Ile-Ser-Val-Ser-Ile-OH —— C51H96N12O13S2
    H-Met-Met-Lys-Ile-Lys-Ile-Ser-Val-Ser-Ile-OH
    —— H-Gln-Met-Leu-Gln-Ser-Glu-His-Pro-Phe-Val-OH —— C54H82N14O16S
    H-Gln-Met-Leu-Gln-Ser-Glu-His-Pro-Phe-Val-OH
    —— H-Gly-Val-Phe-Val-Leu-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ala-OH —— C64H94N12O13
    H-Gly-Val-Phe-Val-Leu-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ala-OH
    —— H-Glu-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ala-Cys-Glu-Ser-Glu-Gly-Gly-Val-Leu-Leu-OH —— C60H103N17O22S
    H-Glu-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ala-Cys-Glu-Ser-Glu-Gly-Gly-Val-Leu-Leu-OH
    —— H-D-Asp-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Val-Pro-D-Val-OH —— C51H81N13O16
    H-D-Asp-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Val-Pro-D-Val-OH
    —— H-Val-Leu-Val-Leu-Asp-Thr-Asp-Tyr-Lys-Lys-OH —— C55H92N12O17
    H-Val-Leu-Val-Leu-Asp-Thr-Asp-Tyr-Lys-Lys-OH
    —— H-Leu-Asn-Phe-D-Ser-Cys-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Cys-Thr-OH —— C58H80N12O15S2
    H-Leu-Asn-Phe-D-Ser-Cys-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Cys-Thr-OH
    —— H-Met-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH —— C47H83N11O13S3
    H-Met-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH
    —— H-Val-Gln-Gly-Leu-Glu-Thr-Gly-Arg-Asn-Val-Val-OH —— C49H86N16O17
    H-Val-Gln-Gly-Leu-Glu-Thr-Gly-Arg-Asn-Val-Val-OH
    —— H-Arg-Trp-Cys-Pro-Arg-Ser-Thr-Leu-Glu-Cys-Met-OH —— C57H92N18O16S3
    H-Arg-Trp-Cys-Pro-Arg-Ser-Thr-Leu-Glu-Cys-Met-OH
    —— (2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid —— C59H104N16O12
    (2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-guanidino-pentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
    —— H-Ala-Ser-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Asn-Ser-OH —— C41H76N16O14
    H-Ala-Ser-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Asn-Ser-OH
    —— H-Lys-Met-Ile-Gly-Gly-Ile-Gly-Gly-Phe-Ile-OH —— C46H77N11O11S
    H-Lys-Met-Ile-Gly-Gly-Ile-Gly-Gly-Phe-Ile-OH
    —— Suc-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Val-Pro-Val-NH2 —— C51H81N13O15
    Suc-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Val-Pro-Val-NH2
    —— H-Val-Cys-Pro-Thr-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ile-Ala-OH —— C46H82N10O13S
    H-Val-Cys-Pro-Thr-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ile-Ala-OH
    —— H-Trp-Leu-Ala-Val-Asp-Pro-Asp-Ser-Gly-Gln-Ile-OH —— C54H81N13O18
    H-Trp-Leu-Ala-Val-Asp-Pro-Asp-Ser-Gly-Gln-Ile-OH
    —— H-Cys-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ala-Pro-Cys-OH —— C45H78N10O11S2
    H-Cys-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ala-Pro-Cys-OH
    —— H-Tyr-Cys-Pro-Asp-Gln-Asp-Ala-Pro-Cys-Tyr-NH2 —— C50H68N12O17S2
    H-Tyr-Cys-Pro-Asp-Gln-Asp-Ala-Pro-Cys-Tyr-NH2
    —— H-Gly-Lys-Val-Thr-Phe-Asn-Gly-Thr-Val-Val-OH —— C46H76N12O14
    H-Gly-Lys-Val-Thr-Phe-Asn-Gly-Thr-Val-Val-OH
    —— H-Met-Ser-Asn-Phe-Lys-Val-Arg-Asp-Pro-Val-OH —— C52H85N15O15S
    H-Met-Ser-Asn-Phe-Lys-Val-Arg-Asp-Pro-Val-OH
    —— H-Leu-Asn-Ser-Gln-Trp-Val-Val-Pro-Leu-Arg-OH —— C56H90N16O14
    H-Leu-Asn-Ser-Gln-Trp-Val-Val-Pro-Leu-Arg-OH
    —— H-Lys-Ile-Thr-Val-Asp-Gly-Pro-Arg-Glu-Pro-OH —— C48H82N14O16
    H-Lys-Ile-Thr-Val-Asp-Gly-Pro-Arg-Glu-Pro-OH
    —— H-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ile-Glu-OH —— C50H81N11O14
    H-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ile-Glu-OH
    —— H-Ala-Ile-Pro-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys-Leu-Leu-Ala-OH —— C48H84N10O11S
    H-Ala-Ile-Pro-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys-Leu-Leu-Ala-OH
    —— H-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Arg-Ala-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-OH —— C36H61N17O18
    H-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Arg-Ala-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-OH